According to GB/T 31121-2014, fermented fruit and vegetable juice drinks in China are products made from juice and water made from fruit or vegetable juice (pulp) or concentrated fruit and vegetable juice (pulp) after fermentation, with or without other food raw materials and/or food additives.Such as apples, oranges, hawthorn, dates and other fruits and vegetables fermented beverages.
I. rational purchasing escorts the quality life
With the enhancement of people's awareness of self-care and consumers' rational choice of beverage, green nutrition will become an important indicator for people to choose beverage.When selecting fermented fruit and vegetable juice drinks, it is important to see clearly the label, whether the food production license number, production date and shelf life are complete, the storage method of the product and whether the added bacteria are marked in the ingredient list.
The choice and purchase of fermented fruit and vegetable juice beverage should also vary from person to person. Do not blindly pursue or exaggerate its beneficial function, or replace it with medicine to treat diseases.
Scientific drinking contributes to health
Fermented fruit and vegetable juice can be drunk directly or mixed with drinking water, but the water temperature should not be too high, so as to avoid the loss of nutrients and affect the taste.Due to its rich nutrients, fermented fruit and vegetable juice after kaifeng should be drunk as soon as possible to prevent spoilage and deterioration.
Fermented fruit and vegetable juice drinks are suitable for a large number of consumers, including the elderly and children.
Fermented fruit and vegetable juice is one more drink choice
Different from traditional juice drinks, fermented fruit and vegetable juice drinks not only improve the flavor of fruit and vegetable juice, but also produce abundant lactic acid, amino acids, short-chain fatty acids and other nutrients through fermentation, endowing fruits and vegetables with new nutritional functions.Probiotics fermentation reduces the sugar content of fermented fruit and vegetable juice beverage.Some of these nutrients promote the growth of probiotics, inhibit spoilage and improve intestinal health.
At present, most fermented fruit and vegetable juice drinks on the market are produced on a large scale. Due to different raw materials and strains, the products have different flavors.For homemade fermented fruit and vegetable juice drinks, attention should be paid to using fresh fruits and vegetables and qualified fermentation strains.
2018年7月31日星期二
Prevention and treatment of leaf blight
Hazard symptoms
Leaf blight mainly occurs from leaf margin and tip infection, and the lesions are irregular from small to large, from reddish-brown to grayish-brown, with large blisters and dry areas up to 1/3 to 1/2 of the leaves. There is a deep band of disease spots on the edge of the lesions, with obvious disease and health boundaries.The plaque then gradually extends to the base of the leaf until the entire leaf becomes brown to grayish brown.Finally, black villi or black dots appear on the back or front of the diseased leaf.
Law of
The pathogen of leaf blight disease overwintered the diseased leaves. The next year, when the temperature was appropriate, the spores of the pathogen spread to the host plants by means of wind and rain.
Method of prevention and cure
1. Thoroughly remove the diseased leaves and burn them down in autumn to reduce the source of infection in the following year.
2. The cultivated land should be well drained, the soil is fertile, and organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potash fertilizer should be increased.
3. Control the planting density, make it ventilated and transparent, reduce the humidity of the leaf surface, and reduce the chances of infection.
4. Change spray irrigation to drip irrigation or water irrigation to reduce the spread of bacteria.
5. During the growing season, in the regions with serious diseases, from the early stage of onset in late June to October, spray one dose every 10 days or so, and spray several times can effectively prevent and control the disease.The commonly used agents are 1:100 times of bordeaux liquid, 50% of tobuzin 500 ~ 800 times liquid, 50% of polymyrine wettability powder 1000 times (or 40% of glue suspension 600 ~ 800 times), 50% of benet 1000 ~ 1500 times, and 65% of daisen zinc 500 times liquid, which can be selected or used alternately.
Several benefits of leaf spray
1. Insufficient root fertilization
When the root fertilization of crops is inconvenient, for example, in the late period of crop growth, the root vigor declines and the ability to absorb fertilizer decreases.Or when the adverse soil environment for crop growth, such as too much water, drought, soil acid, alkali, crop root resorption is blocked, and crop growth, and need to quickly recover if with root method can't meet the needs of the crop in time, only by adopting spraying on the leaf, can quickly replenish nutrition, meet the needs of crop growth and development.
2. Replenish nutrition quickly
In the process of crop growth, crops have shown some deficiency of nutrients. As it takes a certain time for nutrients to be absorbed by crops to be absorbed by soil fertilization, the deficiency of nutrients in crops cannot be alleviated in a timely manner.At this time, leaf fertilization can make nutrients enter the plant quickly through the leaves to solve the problem of lack of nutrients.
3. Give full play to the fat effect
Some fertilizers, such as phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and zinc, are easy to be fixed by the soil if they are applied as roots, which affects the application effect.For another example, some fruit trees and other deep-rooted crops have less absorption of certain nutrients. If the traditional fertilization method is adopted, it is difficult to apply to the root absorption site, nor can it give full play to its fertility effect.
4. Economic benefits
Various trace elements are essential nutrients in the growth and development of crops, but the application amount is very small, such as molybdenum fertilizer, the application amount per mu is only dozens of grams, if root application method, it is not easy to evenly apply.Only by spraying the leaf surface can we achieve economic efficiency.According to the research calculation, the utilization rate of boron in general crops is 8.18 times higher than that of basal crops when boron fertilizer is sprayed on the leaf surface.In terms of economic benefit, leaf spraying is more cost-effective than root spraying.
5. Reduce soil pollution
Large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer applied to soil can easily lead to the accumulation of nitrate in groundwater and vegetables, causing harm to human health.About 75 percent of the nitrate absorbed by humans comes from vegetables. If leaf fertilization is adopted, soil fertilization can be reduced appropriately, which can reduce nitrate content in plants and residual mineral nitrogen in soil.In salinized soil, soil fertilization may increase the concentration of soil solution and increase soil salinization.Leaf fertilization can not only save the amount of fertilizer applied, but also reduce the pollution of soil and water.
When the root fertilization of crops is inconvenient, for example, in the late period of crop growth, the root vigor declines and the ability to absorb fertilizer decreases.Or when the adverse soil environment for crop growth, such as too much water, drought, soil acid, alkali, crop root resorption is blocked, and crop growth, and need to quickly recover if with root method can't meet the needs of the crop in time, only by adopting spraying on the leaf, can quickly replenish nutrition, meet the needs of crop growth and development.
2. Replenish nutrition quickly
In the process of crop growth, crops have shown some deficiency of nutrients. As it takes a certain time for nutrients to be absorbed by crops to be absorbed by soil fertilization, the deficiency of nutrients in crops cannot be alleviated in a timely manner.At this time, leaf fertilization can make nutrients enter the plant quickly through the leaves to solve the problem of lack of nutrients.
3. Give full play to the fat effect
Some fertilizers, such as phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper and zinc, are easy to be fixed by the soil if they are applied as roots, which affects the application effect.For another example, some fruit trees and other deep-rooted crops have less absorption of certain nutrients. If the traditional fertilization method is adopted, it is difficult to apply to the root absorption site, nor can it give full play to its fertility effect.
4. Economic benefits
Various trace elements are essential nutrients in the growth and development of crops, but the application amount is very small, such as molybdenum fertilizer, the application amount per mu is only dozens of grams, if root application method, it is not easy to evenly apply.Only by spraying the leaf surface can we achieve economic efficiency.According to the research calculation, the utilization rate of boron in general crops is 8.18 times higher than that of basal crops when boron fertilizer is sprayed on the leaf surface.In terms of economic benefit, leaf spraying is more cost-effective than root spraying.
5. Reduce soil pollution
Large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer applied to soil can easily lead to the accumulation of nitrate in groundwater and vegetables, causing harm to human health.About 75 percent of the nitrate absorbed by humans comes from vegetables. If leaf fertilization is adopted, soil fertilization can be reduced appropriately, which can reduce nitrate content in plants and residual mineral nitrogen in soil.In salinized soil, soil fertilization may increase the concentration of soil solution and increase soil salinization.Leaf fertilization can not only save the amount of fertilizer applied, but also reduce the pollution of soil and water.
Summer celery should be less and more frequent
On the basis of applying enough basal fertilizer, apply fertilizer frequently.The first fertilizer should be applied 5-7 days after seedling emergence, 10 kilograms of urea should be applied, and the fertilizer should be applied every 8-10 days, generally 4 times, 10-12 kilograms of urea per mu.
With the increase of celery plants, fertilizer should be increased.Spray 2~3 times of instant borax fertilizer or calcium superphosphate leaching solution in the early stage of summer celery growth, which can prevent petiole cracking, heart rot, and late petiole yellowing.In the middle and late stage of the growth of celery, spraying a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 500 times and "920" at 1000 times on the leaf surface can significantly enhance the anti-disease ability of celery plants, effectively improve the yield and quality.The growth and development of summer celery requires moist environmental conditions. During the period from planting to harvest and marketing of celery, the field should be kept moist and the furrow should be kept under constant water to facilitate the growth of stems and leaves.
With the increase of celery plants, fertilizer should be increased.Spray 2~3 times of instant borax fertilizer or calcium superphosphate leaching solution in the early stage of summer celery growth, which can prevent petiole cracking, heart rot, and late petiole yellowing.In the middle and late stage of the growth of celery, spraying a mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 500 times and "920" at 1000 times on the leaf surface can significantly enhance the anti-disease ability of celery plants, effectively improve the yield and quality.The growth and development of summer celery requires moist environmental conditions. During the period from planting to harvest and marketing of celery, the field should be kept moist and the furrow should be kept under constant water to facilitate the growth of stems and leaves.
Maize is skilled in anti-lodging fertilization
Maize had less fertilizer absorption in seedling stage, fertilizer demand increased significantly in jointing stage, fertilizer demand peak in heading stage and heading stage, and nitrogen fertilizer sensitivity stage in big bell mouth stage.
Therefore, the basal fertilizer should be combined with the whole land, and apply 2500~3000 kg of ripe farmyard fertilizer per mu, or about 50 kg of commodity organic fertilizer, and 25~30 kg of high content nitrophosphatide compound fertilizer.Where the mechanization degree is high, the ditch should be deep applied.Zinc-deficient and magnesium-deficient soils were moderately fertilized with 0.5-1kg zinc and magnesium fertilizers.More nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied in seedling stage to prevent early growth.
In the later stage, insufficient nitrogen fertilizer may lead to premature aging and lodging.In the period of loudspeaker, about 10kg of urea should be applied to each mu or hole to promote full panicle grain.But in the pursuit of fertilizer, the root system and fertilizer should be misplaced to prevent the burning of seedlings.
In addition, chemical regulation should be carried out at an appropriate time.For high-growth, denser corn, use 40% hydroxylene between the big horn and the tasseling period, or when 1% corn pulls out smallpox.Ethylene hydrochloride, 20~ 30ml per mu, 15~20 liters of water spray;Or with 25% help CCC 20 ml water 50 ~ 60 litres of spraying, can reduce the ear of corn and plant height, reduce the empty stalk and spikelet, enhance lodging resistance;Also can be in male ear tassel before a week, every mu USES strong fengling 26 milligram, mix clear water 15 kilograms to spray shi, prevent fall down, empty stalk, premature aging, balding and greediness late maturity.
Therefore, the basal fertilizer should be combined with the whole land, and apply 2500~3000 kg of ripe farmyard fertilizer per mu, or about 50 kg of commodity organic fertilizer, and 25~30 kg of high content nitrophosphatide compound fertilizer.Where the mechanization degree is high, the ditch should be deep applied.Zinc-deficient and magnesium-deficient soils were moderately fertilized with 0.5-1kg zinc and magnesium fertilizers.More nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied in seedling stage to prevent early growth.
In the later stage, insufficient nitrogen fertilizer may lead to premature aging and lodging.In the period of loudspeaker, about 10kg of urea should be applied to each mu or hole to promote full panicle grain.But in the pursuit of fertilizer, the root system and fertilizer should be misplaced to prevent the burning of seedlings.
In addition, chemical regulation should be carried out at an appropriate time.For high-growth, denser corn, use 40% hydroxylene between the big horn and the tasseling period, or when 1% corn pulls out smallpox.Ethylene hydrochloride, 20~ 30ml per mu, 15~20 liters of water spray;Or with 25% help CCC 20 ml water 50 ~ 60 litres of spraying, can reduce the ear of corn and plant height, reduce the empty stalk and spikelet, enhance lodging resistance;Also can be in male ear tassel before a week, every mu USES strong fengling 26 milligram, mix clear water 15 kilograms to spray shi, prevent fall down, empty stalk, premature aging, balding and greediness late maturity.
2018年7月13日星期五
The fertilization time and method of pomegranate tree
The fertilization time of pomegranate trees
(1) basic fertilizers commonly used in basal fertilizers are mainly various organic fertilizers, calcium superphosphate, bone meal and other late-effect fertilizers.Basal fertilizer in the autumn after fruit harvest to road M 10 or so autumn tillage or deep
Apply to the moon on a regular basis, or 7: apply to all buds before defrost in spring and best in autumn.Fruit farmers in the production halls of linsolution, cicada city, huaiyuan, etc., combine deep ploughing in autumn to remove sand and soil, improve soil slope with guest soil and apply organic fertilizers such as separation fertilizer, human excrement, cake fertilizer and calcium superphosphate.As a result, the tree was significantly stronger, and the yield increased year by year.
Forced fertilizer is also called replenishment.Is the enterprise in the growing season according to each tree phenology characteristics of fertilizer and the potential strength of climate, soil conditions, what results, orchard readily availability chemical fertilizer back in time, such as adjusting the relationship between the growth and results.Stone tip force fertilizer belt go to the following 3 periods.
(1) before flowering fertilizer: is it in the bud to bloom early show letter to available nitrogen, in order to appropriately with phosphate fertilizer, to create weight-loss-friendly chili and, to increase the number of normal flower, reduce the fallen petal fruit, flowers and seed setting rate raise head.Right J: old and weak trees successively approved too many big trees, the government increased the amount of pressure fertilizer.For J "young and prosperous trees with strong growth potential, I shall not apply nitrogen fertilizer or less to avoid inducing zhao zhi gl to grow in vain and aggravate falling flowers and fruits.
Forced fat: (2) the young stay expands lake is in the vast majority of flower fade off contact Shirley, stay young start swollen in late June and July in topdressing nitrogen, available phosphorus fertilizer and proper match of potash, can significantly reduce the young fruit, promote fruit enlargement, improve the production.
Fertilization of pomegranate trees
It can be divided into two forms: soil fertilization and root-surface (leaf surface) fertilization.
(1) soil fertilization is to apply fertilizer to the roots of fruit trees to facilitate absorption.Fertilization effect is closely related to fertilization method.According to the topography, topography, soil texture, fertilizer types, especially root distribution.The horizontal roots of pomegranate trees are generally distributed in the periphery of canopy projection, so the depth and width of fertilization should change from inside to outside, from shallow to deep year by year with the increase of tree age.
This method is suitable for the horizontal and horizontal pomegranate garden, with a width of about 50 cm and a depth of 25?40 cm circular ditch, fertilizer and topsoil mix and then apply to the trench overburden.This method is mainly used in saplings, and has the characteristics of simple operation, economical fertilizer and so on.However, digging ditches is easy to cut off horizontal roots, and the fertilization scope is small.
In this paper, the fertilizing process in the bamboo radial ditch is conducted in a manner of 4 meters away from the main trunk under the canopy.8 gullies extending to the outer edge of the crown, 30-50 cm wide and 15 cm deep.30 cm. Apply fertilizer and soil evenly.This method is suitable for applying fertilizer in the growing season of fruit trees and fruit trees.When opening a ditch, dig in the direction of horizontal root growth.The location of the radiation ditch can be changed every other year or every other time to enlarge the fertilization surface and promote root absorption.
In the canopy projection, the fertilizer hole was dug and fertilized 1 m away from the trunk.In some areas, special fertilizing cones are used for convenient use.This method is often used in the long - term fertilization of fruit trees.
Fertilizing in gully combined with autumn tillage in pomegranate garden, fertilization in gully with wide, deep and circular furrow at intervals or between plants.Next year the fertilization ditch moved to the other side.This method is mainly used in autumn fertilization in deep turning and wide planting garden.
In the case of fertilizing the whole garden with adult trees or densely planted orchards, the root system is adopted when the whole garden is already full of roots.Spread fertilizer evenly throughout the garden, then turn over the soil, depth about 20 cm.The advantage is that the area is large, and the root system can absorb the nutrients evenly.However, it is easy to cause the root system to float up and reduce the resistance due to shallow application and long-term use.If it is used in rotation with radiated ditch fertilization method, it can be complementary and give full play to the maximum fertilizer effect.
Grain irrigation fertilization refers to the combination of irrigation and fertilization, and the fertilizer is distributed evenly, which not only does not damage the root, but also protects the soil structure of the tillage layer, saving labor and high fertilizer utilization rate.This method is more suitable for adult tree orchards with dense crown and dense planting orchards and dry areas.
What kind of fertilization method can be adopted in combination with the specific conditions of pomegranate garden.When applying circular ditch fertilization, hole fertilization, strip ditch fertilization, and radial ditch fertilization, attention should be paid to rotate the fertilization site every year so that the root system can develop evenly.
The fertilization time and method of pomegranate tree
(2) external root (leaf surface) fertilizer is sprayed uniformly on the leaves of pomegranate trees with fertilizer of a certain concentration.Can increase tree nutrition, increase yield and improve fruit quality, generally increase fruit setting rate by 2.5%?4%, fruit weight increased by 1.5%?3.5%, 5% increase in production?10%.Second, the need for trace elements can be supplemented in time.Leaf fertilization has the advantages of fast absorption, rapid reaction and obvious effect. Generally, it can be absorbed 15 minutes to 2 hours after spraying.The reaction of leaves to fertilizer elements is obvious in 15 days, which can avoid the disadvantages of many trace elements being easily fixed by soil and reducing the fertility.
Leaf surface fertilization after spraying 25?The response of leaves to fertilizer elements gradually disappeared in 30 days, so it can only be a supplement to soil fertilization. The growth result of pomegranate trees requires a large amount of nutrients, which should be satisfied by soil fertilization.
In leaf fertilization, fertilizer nutrients enter the leaves mainly through the stomata and cuticular layer on the leaves and then run to various organs of the tree.The back of the leaf is more porous than the surface of the leaf.The optimum temperature for foliar fertilizer for 18 ° C?25 ° C, so wear cloth in summer is the best time at 10 am, and after 4 PM.Spray good atomization, uniform spraying cloth, especially to increase the amount of fat on the back of the leaf.
Generally, water-soluble fertilizers can be used for off-root fertilization. Different types of fertilizers can be selected according to the purpose of fertilization.Leaf fertilizer can be combined with medicine to prevent diseases and insect pests.However, when mixed spraying, attention must be paid not to reduce the efficacy and fertility.For example, alkaline pesticide sulfur mixture and bordeaux mixture should not be mixed with calcium superphosphate, manganese, iron, zinc, molybdenum, etc.And urea can be mixed with bordeaux solution, dichlorvos, thiophosphorus, arsone?Zinc?Mixed application of fumei and other pesticides.Leaf spray concentration should be accurate to prevent drug and fertilizer damage.When spraying, a small amount of wetting agents can be added, such as soap solution, washing powder, saponin oil, etc., which can make fertilizers and pesticides adhere to the leaf surface, improve the effect of fertilizer absorption and pest control.
Analysis and summary of the advantages and disadvantages of water flushing fertilizer
Analysis and summary of the advantages and disadvantages of water flushing fertilizer
Advantages of flushing fertilizer with water
1. Save labor, time, labor, uniformity, convenience and safety.
2. For vegetables cultivated in ridges, fertilization is concentrated, followed by fertilizer application in alternate rows, which is less harmful to the root system.After fertilization, the fertilizer can go directly to the root of the root along with the water, allowing the root system to absorb quickly.
3. It can avoid the root system damage caused by fertilization by means of furrow or hole digging, and also avoid the phenomenon of concentrated fertilization in local areas, causing root burning, and the harm of tender leaves and stems caused by fertilizer application.
4. It can solve many problems of difficult fertilizer application in cultivation modes, such as small vault, high-density vegetable planting in furrow, planting vegetables covered with mulch, etc.
Analysis and summary of the advantages and disadvantages of water flushing fertilizer
Disadvantages of flushing with water
1. Water solution directly infects the root system of the plant, causing damage to the root system of the plant if there is too much water or solution concentration near the root system.
2. For fertilizers with a slow solubility, such as compound fertilizers and diammonium phosphate, it shall be dissolved in advance to avoid the cavitation and the residue of fertilizer residue after water infiltration, so as to reduce the utilization rate of fertilizers.
3. For some volatile fertilizers, such as urea, ammonium carbon, ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, etc., timely ventilation should be carried out after application, otherwise the ammonia concentration is too large, which will easily destroy the plants.
In a word, do not flush fertilizer continuously, and the concentration is not too large, again is not too much water and field water, in case of damage to the root system.
What does water convolvulus fertilize well and how does water convolvulus fertilize
What kind of fat does the cabbage use
Water convolvulus is not strict to the soil, but it is more beneficial to keep the soil with sufficient water and fertilizer.Water convolvulus leaves grow rapidly, need large amount of fertilizer, strong fertilizer resistance.Plenty of fertile water, high quality and high yield can be obtained, but the reserved land should control the fertile water, otherwise it is easy to grow in vain and not blossom.The basic fertilizer of cabbage is mainly soil and manure, with a dosage of 600-800 kilograms per 667 square meters.Scientific fertilization can make its rapid growth, strong stem and green leaves, obviously improve yield and quality.
Water spinach is harvested crops for many times, therefore, besides giving sufficient basal must repeatedly in installment according to obtain high yield, seedling from 10% to 15% of the available rare human excrement to drench, mu Dosage is 1000-1500 kg, when the seedlings have 3-4 true leaf, with compound fertilizer urea 2-15-20 kg and 4 kg of the mixed use, harvest time every once harvested with compound 5-8 kg (ha) fertilizer.When the cabbage seedlings grow to 5-10cm, the first fertilization can be carried out.
When applying fertilizer, the fertilizer should be applied according to the standard of 500-700kg of organic fertilizer per 667 square meters.The fertilizer should be diluted before fertilizing with water.Apply fertilizer evenly.Otherwise, too much fertilizer in one place will burn the plants.
How does water convolvulus fertilize
Water convolvulus japonicus grows fast and has strong branching ability.Generally, it is more appropriate to plant from late April to early may.Water convolvulus should choose the new seeds of the year when sowing. The seeds should be full, fresh in color, and the germination rate should be over 98%.Water convolvulus seedlings are thin and not hard. They absorb water quickly.The field needs to be furrowed before sowing.Weeds in the land should be cleared before the land is finished.To prevent weeds from competing with cabbage seeds for nutrients.We need to in order to prevent the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests of water convolvulus, soil in the later daily management, in general, farmers friends as long as see when the soil is dry, water can be.Water convolvulus is harvested crops for many times, so the high quality production, in the middle of the cooked food, growth in seedling stage and late strong stem spirit spraying with vegetables vegetables, enlargement of plant stem, increase nutrition throughput, make the leaves hypertrophy, with bright green lush, increase production, improve the ability to resist disasters at the same time, reduce pesticide fertilizer rate, reduce the residues.Before collecting, it is ok to apply fertilizer once.7?Spray once every 10 days.
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