In the agricultural production, rape appeared "blooming but not real" symptom, the wheat "no twisting disease", cotton "bud instead of flower", peanut "fruit and not fruitless" It is due to lack of boron.
Factors Influencing Soil Boron Efficiency
1, soil pH (pH value)
Soil pH value between 4.7 and 6.7, the highest availability of boron, water-soluble boron and the PH value is positively correlated. However, between pH 7.1 and 8.1, the effectiveness of boron decreased, and water-soluble boron was negatively correlated with pH. It has been shown that the effectiveness of boron in soil is mainly affected by adsorption and fixation. However, the adsorption and fixation are closely related to the pH value of soil. The availability of boron in acidic soil is the highest, but it is easy to elute the loss. Large amount of lime and boron Adsorption fixed increase, will have induced boron deficiency.
High demand for boron crops, alfalfa soil suitable for growth environment is pH 6.5, lime treatment of soil may be needed. However, lime treatment of the soil as a whole reduces the availability of boron, especially at pH> 7. The reason is that Ca2 + ions inactivate boron ions.
2, soil organic matter
The vast majority of soil available boron exists in the soil organic matter complex (boron and humic acid), organic matter more soil available boron more. Organic matter is decomposed and released into the soil solution because of the boron combined with organic matter or immobilized by organic matter.
Environmental conditions such as cold and humid; heat, dry will reduce the degradation rate of organic matter, will also reduce the amount of available boron in the soil. In addition, there is less organic matter in the soil and less potential for the soil to feed itself, so it is often necessary to apply boron to the soil at a lower concentration.
3, climatic conditions
In the arid area, the fixation effect is enhanced. The higher the temperature is, the less the content of water-soluble boron is and the less effective the soil is. Wet and rainy areas, often due to a strong leaching effect of boron loss, reducing the content of available boron, especially light soil is particularly evident.
4, soil texture
Boron is easily leached in light soils, which results in a decrease of water-soluble boron. In clay soil, due to the adsorption of clay particles, more effective boron is retained. Therefore, under other conditions, light soil Available boron content less than the clay soil, boron deficiency often appear in light soil. However, although the total amount of boron contained in the clay is high, available boron may be low due to the immobilization of boron on the clay surface.
Well seeps, and heavy rainfall or often irrigated sandy soils have strong potential for seepage, making them the most susceptible to boron deficiency, so they require frequent boron supplementation.
5, soil cultivation
In general, when the soil surface is harvested, there is more boron available to the soil and plant roots. Soil cultivation will make the soil mix, improve soil aeration, drainage. These are the best conditions for the decomposition of soil organic matter to release boron.
As crop production practices change to less tillage or no tillage management, the organic matter that accumulates at or near the soil surface will not decompose rapidly, so the soil available boron relies more on soil surface moisture conditions. Therefore, the application of boron fertilizer is very important for crop production.
2018年1月12日星期五
Effect of boron on crop growth and development
Boron is not part of a variety of organisms in the crop, but it enhances some important physiological functions of the crop. Boron sufficient supply, plant lush growth, full grain, root system good, harvest protection; conversely, the lack of supply of boron, will result in serious crop production or even cut off.
Effect of boron on crop growth and development
1, cell elongation and tissue differentiation
There is a clear interaction between auxin (indole acetic acid) and boron. Boron inhibits indoleacetic oxidase activity in the root system. In the indole acetic acid stimulation, root elongation is normal. Indoleacetic acid is formed only in vascular plants in green plants and is involved in the differentiation of xylem vessels. Therefore, the general demand for boron is also limited to vascular plants. However, part of the boron plant wood weakened. Stem-forming layer cell division to strengthen, the formation of stratum cell proliferation.
2, enzyme metabolism and wood formation
The accumulation of phenolic compounds inhibits the activity of indole acetic acid oxidase. Boron can complex with phenolic compounds to overcome the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds on indole acetic acid oxidase. Boron inhibits the activity of hydroxylase phenolic enzymes during lignin formation and xylem ductal differentiation.
3, carbohydrate transport and protein metabolism
Boron in carbohydrate metabolism has two roles: the formation of cell wall material and sugar transport. Boron can promote glucose-1-phosphate cycle and sugar conversion. Boron and calcium together play the role of "cell glue." Boron affects the synthesis of RNA, especially uracil.
The lack of boron in new leaf protein content is low, which is limited to the cytoplasm, and chloroplast protein content is not affected, so lack of boron plants green is not common. Boron can enhance crop photosynthesis, promote the formation of carbohydrates.
When the crop boron deficiency, it will cause a large accumulation of carbohydrates such as sugar and starch leaves, can not be transported to the seeds and other parts, thus affecting crop yield.
4, root growth and development
Boron can promote the normal development of vascular bundle in the roots of leguminous crops, and promote rhizobia to get sufficient supply of carbohydrates, thus enhancing the nitrogen fixation ability of leguminous crops, increasing the content of protein, increasing the fiber content of hemp crops and improving it The quality
Boron forms a complex with gluconic acid 6-phosphoglycerate in the body of the crop so that 4-phosphoglyceridic acid does not form (an important starting material for the formation of acid compounds), whereas organic acids accumulate in the root when the crop is deficient in boron Apex meristematic cell differentiation and elongation are inhibited, the occurrence of cork, causing root necrosis.
Boron can make the root tips of the crop and stem growth point equal meristem growth. Boron and alcohols, sugars and other compounds form peroxides, which improve the supply of oxygen to the roots of crops. Especially in the absence of oxygen, the application of boron fertilizer can promote crop root development. Therefore, root tubers, tubers such as sugar beet, potatoes, radish, boron fertilizer application is better.
5, crop resistance
Boron can enhance crop drought resistance and disease resistance. Boron in the body to control the role of water in the body, can improve sunflower, buckwheat and other plant protoplasm viscosity, and enhance the ability of colloidal water.
Application of boron can promote the formation of vitamin C, vitamin C can increase the plant's resistance to stress. Insufficient Boron supply to crops, reduced ability to resist stress and disease, and some physiological damage to crops.
The use of boron can greatly reduce the incidence of these diseases in these crops: "heart rot" of beet, "brown rot" of radish, "scab" of potatoes, "stalk cracking" of celery, Stem rot ", radish hollow, cabbage, poor growth of spinach, sweet potato" brown spot ", linen" blight ", sunflower" white rot "and" gray mold "beans" charcoal " Wait.
6, early crop improvement
Boron can promote crop precocity. According to domestic data, under the influence of boron, the spring wheat will be shortened by eight days for winter wheat.
Boron application in cotton increased before frost and the seed cotton yield and fiber quality increased. Corn, rice boron to make the main growth period in advance, the seeds mature about five days earlier. This accelerated precocity of boron is of particular interest, both in the cold regions of the mountains and in the two crops. Thirdly, the development of agricultural production in some areas has some positive significance.
Rape boron can reduce protein and increase fat content. Cucumber, tomato boron can increase the vitamin C content. Apple, citrus boron can increase the sugar content, reduce acid content.
The application of boron fertilizer in hybrid seed production can make the reproductive organs of both parent and maternal plants reach the same maturation stage and promote the significant increase of seed production, meanwhile increase the seed setting rate of distant hybridization.
7, pollen germination and pollen tube growth
The indirect effect of boron may be related to the increase of sugar content in nectar and the change of its composition, making the flowers of the arboreal plant more attractive to insects.
The direct role of boron and pollen anther production ability and pollen grain vitality are closely related. Boron can stimulate pollen germination, especially pollen tube elongation.
Boron can promote the normal crop reproductive organs, is conducive to flowering and fruiting. Appropriate use of boron fertilizer, can accelerate the development of floral organs, increase the number of pollen, and promote the pollen grains germination and pollen tube growth.
Rape lack of boron caused by the "flowers and not real" reasons, the results show that boron deficiency and can flowering, but can not be normal and strong development of male and female gametophyte rape, ovary structure is complete, but due to lack of attachment of boron stigma The ability of pollen, the anther wall destroyed and the ability to lose shells, pollen blocks and the development of low rate, resulting in rape can only flowering and can not be strong. This result strongly supports the importance of boron in the growth of reproductive organs.
Effect of boron on crop growth and development
1, cell elongation and tissue differentiation
There is a clear interaction between auxin (indole acetic acid) and boron. Boron inhibits indoleacetic oxidase activity in the root system. In the indole acetic acid stimulation, root elongation is normal. Indoleacetic acid is formed only in vascular plants in green plants and is involved in the differentiation of xylem vessels. Therefore, the general demand for boron is also limited to vascular plants. However, part of the boron plant wood weakened. Stem-forming layer cell division to strengthen, the formation of stratum cell proliferation.
2, enzyme metabolism and wood formation
The accumulation of phenolic compounds inhibits the activity of indole acetic acid oxidase. Boron can complex with phenolic compounds to overcome the inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds on indole acetic acid oxidase. Boron inhibits the activity of hydroxylase phenolic enzymes during lignin formation and xylem ductal differentiation.
3, carbohydrate transport and protein metabolism
Boron in carbohydrate metabolism has two roles: the formation of cell wall material and sugar transport. Boron can promote glucose-1-phosphate cycle and sugar conversion. Boron and calcium together play the role of "cell glue." Boron affects the synthesis of RNA, especially uracil.
The lack of boron in new leaf protein content is low, which is limited to the cytoplasm, and chloroplast protein content is not affected, so lack of boron plants green is not common. Boron can enhance crop photosynthesis, promote the formation of carbohydrates.
When the crop boron deficiency, it will cause a large accumulation of carbohydrates such as sugar and starch leaves, can not be transported to the seeds and other parts, thus affecting crop yield.
4, root growth and development
Boron can promote the normal development of vascular bundle in the roots of leguminous crops, and promote rhizobia to get sufficient supply of carbohydrates, thus enhancing the nitrogen fixation ability of leguminous crops, increasing the content of protein, increasing the fiber content of hemp crops and improving it The quality
Boron forms a complex with gluconic acid 6-phosphoglycerate in the body of the crop so that 4-phosphoglyceridic acid does not form (an important starting material for the formation of acid compounds), whereas organic acids accumulate in the root when the crop is deficient in boron Apex meristematic cell differentiation and elongation are inhibited, the occurrence of cork, causing root necrosis.
Boron can make the root tips of the crop and stem growth point equal meristem growth. Boron and alcohols, sugars and other compounds form peroxides, which improve the supply of oxygen to the roots of crops. Especially in the absence of oxygen, the application of boron fertilizer can promote crop root development. Therefore, root tubers, tubers such as sugar beet, potatoes, radish, boron fertilizer application is better.
5, crop resistance
Boron can enhance crop drought resistance and disease resistance. Boron in the body to control the role of water in the body, can improve sunflower, buckwheat and other plant protoplasm viscosity, and enhance the ability of colloidal water.
Application of boron can promote the formation of vitamin C, vitamin C can increase the plant's resistance to stress. Insufficient Boron supply to crops, reduced ability to resist stress and disease, and some physiological damage to crops.
The use of boron can greatly reduce the incidence of these diseases in these crops: "heart rot" of beet, "brown rot" of radish, "scab" of potatoes, "stalk cracking" of celery, Stem rot ", radish hollow, cabbage, poor growth of spinach, sweet potato" brown spot ", linen" blight ", sunflower" white rot "and" gray mold "beans" charcoal " Wait.
6, early crop improvement
Boron can promote crop precocity. According to domestic data, under the influence of boron, the spring wheat will be shortened by eight days for winter wheat.
Boron application in cotton increased before frost and the seed cotton yield and fiber quality increased. Corn, rice boron to make the main growth period in advance, the seeds mature about five days earlier. This accelerated precocity of boron is of particular interest, both in the cold regions of the mountains and in the two crops. Thirdly, the development of agricultural production in some areas has some positive significance.
Rape boron can reduce protein and increase fat content. Cucumber, tomato boron can increase the vitamin C content. Apple, citrus boron can increase the sugar content, reduce acid content.
The application of boron fertilizer in hybrid seed production can make the reproductive organs of both parent and maternal plants reach the same maturation stage and promote the significant increase of seed production, meanwhile increase the seed setting rate of distant hybridization.
7, pollen germination and pollen tube growth
The indirect effect of boron may be related to the increase of sugar content in nectar and the change of its composition, making the flowers of the arboreal plant more attractive to insects.
The direct role of boron and pollen anther production ability and pollen grain vitality are closely related. Boron can stimulate pollen germination, especially pollen tube elongation.
Boron can promote the normal crop reproductive organs, is conducive to flowering and fruiting. Appropriate use of boron fertilizer, can accelerate the development of floral organs, increase the number of pollen, and promote the pollen grains germination and pollen tube growth.
Rape lack of boron caused by the "flowers and not real" reasons, the results show that boron deficiency and can flowering, but can not be normal and strong development of male and female gametophyte rape, ovary structure is complete, but due to lack of attachment of boron stigma The ability of pollen, the anther wall destroyed and the ability to lose shells, pollen blocks and the development of low rate, resulting in rape can only flowering and can not be strong. This result strongly supports the importance of boron in the growth of reproductive organs.
2017年12月29日星期五
Sewage water quality
SS: solid suspended solids, the general unit mg / L. Generally refers to: filter paper should be filtered water sample, the filtrate after the retentate at 105 ℃ temperature constant weight after drying the solid mass.
COD: chemical oxygen demand, the general unit mg / L. COD determination principle is: With strong oxidant (China's legal use of potassium dichromate), under acidic conditions, the oxidation of organic matter into CO2 and H2O consumed oxygen, known as the chemical oxygen demand. With CODCr, generally expressed as COD. COD Advantages: can more accurately represent the organic content of sewage, measurement time only a few hours, and not affected by water quality. The larger the chemical oxygen demand, the more serious water pollution by organic matter.
BOD: Biochemical oxygen demand, general unit mg / L. Organic pollutants dissolved by microbial decomposition of the amount of dissolved oxygen.
NH3-N: ammonia nitrogen, the general unit mg / L. Ammonia Nitrogen refers to the nitrogen present in the water as free ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4 +).
TP: total phosphorus, the general unit mg / L. Sewage phosphorus compounds can be divided into two types of organic phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus.
Coliform bacteria: is the number of coliform bacteria contained in each liter of water samples, to count / L.
The total number of bacteria: is the total number of coliform bacteria, pathogens, viruses and other bacteria in total, expressed as the total number of bacterial colonies per milliliter of water samples.
Remaining pesticides clever care
The remaining pesticides stored improperly, will reduce the insecticidal effect, or even produce injury. Therefore, the peasants purchased the pesticides that year have not run out, ready for reuse next year, in the custody process to achieve the following points:
1, sealed and stored: Some pesticides volatile failure, resulting in air pollution, storage must be tightened cap, the implementation of sealing.
2, to maintain the temperature: Most powder pesticides at high temperatures, its quality is easily affected. The higher the temperature, the easier the pesticides to melt, decompose, volatilize, and even burn and explode. Some emulsion pesticides in the face of high temperatures, it will destroy its emulsifying properties, reduce efficacy. Some bottled liquid pesticides when exposed to low temperature after freezing, forming lumps, or the bottle burst, in the custody of such pesticides should maintain the indoor temperature above 1 ℃.
3, dark: some pesticides fear of light, long-term exposure to light, will cause pesticide decomposition metamorphism and failure, when in custody to avoid heat and sun.
4, to keep dry: powder pesticides and plant regulators, it is easy to absorb moisture caking. Therefore, the place to store pesticides should be kept dry and prevent leaking snow. Also leave windows to allow for ventilation and keep the humidity below 75%.
5, to avoid mixing: pesticides are divided into alkaline, acidic and neutral. Alkaline pesticides are propanil, stone sulfur mixture, Bordeaux mixture; acidic pesticides such as deltamethrin; neutral pesticides have gram blasting and so on. The three different types of pesticides, stored in storage should be kept separate from the store at a distance of 0.5 meters or more, otherwise, will ineffective deterioration of pesticides.
6, rigorous mixed: the two pesticides never end that year, can not be mixed in a bottle, so as to avoid failure.
Imidacloprid and the use of precautions
Imidacloprid mainly for the prevention and treatment of sucking mouthparts pests, such as aphids, planthoppers, whitefly, leafhoppers, thrips; to Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera certain pests, such as rice, Insects, rice stem borers, leaf moths, etc. are also effective. But the nematodes and spider mites invalid. Can be used for rice, wheat, corn, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beet, fruit trees and other crops. Due to its excellent internal absorption, it is particularly suitable for application by seed treatment and sprinkling. General mu with active ingredients 3 to 10 grams, watered spray or seed dressing. Security interval of 20 days. Pay attention to the protection of pesticides to prevent contact with the skin and inhaled powder, liquid, medication should be promptly rinsed with water exposed parts. Do not mix with alkaline pesticides. Should not be sprayed under strong sunlight, so as not to reduce the efficacy.
Humic acid Niubi, make good use of more Niubi!
We all know that humic acid fertilizer is very good, with humic acid fertilizer must be good! So how good is it? How to use better? Today's article may give you the answer!
The results showed that the application of humic acid fertilizer and organic-inorganic compound fertilizer compared with the application of chemical fertilizers: Generally, the yield of grain and oil crops in fields increased by 8% to 20%, fruits and vegetables and cash crops generally increased by 15% to 35%. Humic acid fertilizer because of its special effect by the industry as 4: slow release of nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer synergist, potash protective agent, trace elements chelating agent.
The role of humic acid is divided into three aspects: physical, chemical and biological effects.
1, the physical role mainly in: to improve the soil structure. Control soil cracking and erosion. Increase soil water content, improve cold resistance. Darken the soil color, is conducive to solar energy absorption.
2, chemical reaction is mainly manifested in: regulation of soil pH value. Improve and optimize plant nutrition and water absorption. Increase the soil buffer capacity. Under alkaline conditions, it is a natural chelating agent (chelated with metal ions and promoted by plants). Rich in organic matter and minerals necessary for plant growth. Improve the solubility of organic fertilizer and reduce the loss of fertilizer. So that nutrients can be easily absorbed by plants into the state. Can enhance plant nitrogen absorption and reduce phosphorus fixation, can deep into the soil of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and other elements, the protection box stored in the soil, and can accelerate the process of nutrient elements into the plant to improve the application of inorganic fertilizers.
3, biological role mainly in: to stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the soil and reproduction. Improve the natural plant disease resistance, pest resistance.
The combined effect of humic acid 3 kinds of functions now mention the following five aspects:
1, humic acid is a water-absorbing, water storage function of organic colloidal substances. Humic acid cation exchange capacity, strong adsorption buffer and chelation ability, can improve soil nutrient utilization, acid-base buffer and other effects.
Humic acid is an organic macromolecular colloid, with strong water absorption, water storage function, water absorption of clay particles is generally 50% to 60%, while the humic acid substances of water up to 500% to 600%, therefore, The use of humic acid fertilizer is conducive to improving soil moisture conditions.
2, humic acid can improve the soil structure. Determining soil fertility is the organic - inorganic complex, inorganic mineral colloids in the soil content of up to 95% or more, have some influence on the soil based fertilizers, and can not be changed by manual measures, organic colloids that humic substances, generally Only about 5% of the organic-inorganic composite, but he and mineral colloids are equally important role, and can take manual measures to control, the application of organic fertilizers, the use of humic acid soil improver and soil improvement of fertilizers, increase soil Within the humic acid content.
The application of humic acid as a binder for the formation of soil aggregate structure improves the organic-inorganic complex of soil and increases the water-stable aggregates of large particle size so that the soil structure is improved. Therefore, the application of humic acid fertilizer , Can effectively improve the physical structure of various soil, therefore, people say that humic acid is a good soil conditioner.
3, foliar spray humic acid fertilizer, can reduce stomatal conductance, reduce water transpiration and loss. According to the test of wheat fulvic acid sprayed, wheat leaf stomatal conductance decreased by 33.7% compared with the control. Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, fulvic acid sprayed wheat, not only reduce the stomatal conductance of leaves, but also to reduce the degree of wheat stomatal opening and stomatal closure, but also provides nutrients for wheat.
4, humic acid can stimulate crop root growth and enhance water absorption capacity of the root system. Humic acid contains a variety of chemical activity and biological activity of the functional groups, with the role of stimulating crop growth and development, the seeds can germinate early, early emergence, early flowering, early fruit, but also increase the root length, root volume and root system Vitality, enhance crop roots absorb nutrients and water capacity.
5, humic acid can enhance the plant's own physiological regulation function, improve the ability of cold-resistant crops. Application of humic acid fertilizer, can enhance soil and plant enzyme activity, regulate physiological functions of crops and enhance the adaptability of crops to adverse environmental conditions.
Finally, how to choose and use humic acid fertilizer?
First, choose the humic acid fertilizer according to the application method. If used as Chong Shi, drip irrigation or foliar spray, it is recommended to use potassium humate, ammonium humate or fulvic acid, ammonium fulvic acid. If used as a base fertilizer, it is recommended to choose humic acid ammonium nitrate or ammonium huminate and other fertilizers, the application should pay attention to buried in the soil, because humic acid ammonium is a combination of humic acid and ammonium bicarbonate products, volatile, not recommended Chong Shi or leaf spray. In addition, do not apply sodium humate in the higher pH soils (saline).
Second, select humic acid based on crop preferences and growing nodes. Take fruit trees as an example. In autumn, fertilizers, potash fertilizers and nitrogen fertilizers are the key fertilizers, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are the key points for sprouting and differentiation. The key nutrients such as nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer, calcium fertilizer and micronutrients need to be applied when the fruit is swollen. In addition, we must also combine the preferences of crops fertilization. For example, fruit trees, eggplant vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane and other hi potassium crops, the best use of potassium humate fertilizer.
Finally, choose the humic acid fertilizer according to the crop type and cost. Humic acid fertilizer according to the type and amount of nutrients into humic acid single fertilizer, humic acid compound (mixed) fertilizer, humic acid organic fertilizer, humic acid organic - inorganic compound fertilizer, humic acid in trace elements such as fertilizers.
Humic acid compound (mixed) fertilizer is recommended for field crops, which is easy to use and cost-effective. For vegetables and fruit trees, humic acid organic fertilizer, humic acid organic-inorganic compound fertilizer or humic acid trace element fertilizer can be selected. The organic matter can reach 20% ~ 45%, can effectively improve the taste and color of the crop.
If used as flushing or foliar spray, it is recommended to choose humic acid or fulvic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer, although these fertilizers higher prices, but quick, good effect, so more for more valuable cash crops. Although humic acid can be used during the whole growth period of crops, for economic reasons, it can be applied one to two times during the four key periods of crop transplanting, inflorescence and color change, Combined spray effect will be better.
In summary, humic acid Niubi, take advantage of you more Niubi!
The results showed that the application of humic acid fertilizer and organic-inorganic compound fertilizer compared with the application of chemical fertilizers: Generally, the yield of grain and oil crops in fields increased by 8% to 20%, fruits and vegetables and cash crops generally increased by 15% to 35%. Humic acid fertilizer because of its special effect by the industry as 4: slow release of nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer synergist, potash protective agent, trace elements chelating agent.
The role of humic acid is divided into three aspects: physical, chemical and biological effects.
1, the physical role mainly in: to improve the soil structure. Control soil cracking and erosion. Increase soil water content, improve cold resistance. Darken the soil color, is conducive to solar energy absorption.
2, chemical reaction is mainly manifested in: regulation of soil pH value. Improve and optimize plant nutrition and water absorption. Increase the soil buffer capacity. Under alkaline conditions, it is a natural chelating agent (chelated with metal ions and promoted by plants). Rich in organic matter and minerals necessary for plant growth. Improve the solubility of organic fertilizer and reduce the loss of fertilizer. So that nutrients can be easily absorbed by plants into the state. Can enhance plant nitrogen absorption and reduce phosphorus fixation, can deep into the soil of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and other elements, the protection box stored in the soil, and can accelerate the process of nutrient elements into the plant to improve the application of inorganic fertilizers.
3, biological role mainly in: to stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the soil and reproduction. Improve the natural plant disease resistance, pest resistance.
The combined effect of humic acid 3 kinds of functions now mention the following five aspects:
1, humic acid is a water-absorbing, water storage function of organic colloidal substances. Humic acid cation exchange capacity, strong adsorption buffer and chelation ability, can improve soil nutrient utilization, acid-base buffer and other effects.
Humic acid is an organic macromolecular colloid, with strong water absorption, water storage function, water absorption of clay particles is generally 50% to 60%, while the humic acid substances of water up to 500% to 600%, therefore, The use of humic acid fertilizer is conducive to improving soil moisture conditions.
2, humic acid can improve the soil structure. Determining soil fertility is the organic - inorganic complex, inorganic mineral colloids in the soil content of up to 95% or more, have some influence on the soil based fertilizers, and can not be changed by manual measures, organic colloids that humic substances, generally Only about 5% of the organic-inorganic composite, but he and mineral colloids are equally important role, and can take manual measures to control, the application of organic fertilizers, the use of humic acid soil improver and soil improvement of fertilizers, increase soil Within the humic acid content.
The application of humic acid as a binder for the formation of soil aggregate structure improves the organic-inorganic complex of soil and increases the water-stable aggregates of large particle size so that the soil structure is improved. Therefore, the application of humic acid fertilizer , Can effectively improve the physical structure of various soil, therefore, people say that humic acid is a good soil conditioner.
3, foliar spray humic acid fertilizer, can reduce stomatal conductance, reduce water transpiration and loss. According to the test of wheat fulvic acid sprayed, wheat leaf stomatal conductance decreased by 33.7% compared with the control. Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, fulvic acid sprayed wheat, not only reduce the stomatal conductance of leaves, but also to reduce the degree of wheat stomatal opening and stomatal closure, but also provides nutrients for wheat.
4, humic acid can stimulate crop root growth and enhance water absorption capacity of the root system. Humic acid contains a variety of chemical activity and biological activity of the functional groups, with the role of stimulating crop growth and development, the seeds can germinate early, early emergence, early flowering, early fruit, but also increase the root length, root volume and root system Vitality, enhance crop roots absorb nutrients and water capacity.
5, humic acid can enhance the plant's own physiological regulation function, improve the ability of cold-resistant crops. Application of humic acid fertilizer, can enhance soil and plant enzyme activity, regulate physiological functions of crops and enhance the adaptability of crops to adverse environmental conditions.
Finally, how to choose and use humic acid fertilizer?
First, choose the humic acid fertilizer according to the application method. If used as Chong Shi, drip irrigation or foliar spray, it is recommended to use potassium humate, ammonium humate or fulvic acid, ammonium fulvic acid. If used as a base fertilizer, it is recommended to choose humic acid ammonium nitrate or ammonium huminate and other fertilizers, the application should pay attention to buried in the soil, because humic acid ammonium is a combination of humic acid and ammonium bicarbonate products, volatile, not recommended Chong Shi or leaf spray. In addition, do not apply sodium humate in the higher pH soils (saline).
Second, select humic acid based on crop preferences and growing nodes. Take fruit trees as an example. In autumn, fertilizers, potash fertilizers and nitrogen fertilizers are the key fertilizers, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are the key points for sprouting and differentiation. The key nutrients such as nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer, calcium fertilizer and micronutrients need to be applied when the fruit is swollen. In addition, we must also combine the preferences of crops fertilization. For example, fruit trees, eggplant vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane and other hi potassium crops, the best use of potassium humate fertilizer.
Finally, choose the humic acid fertilizer according to the crop type and cost. Humic acid fertilizer according to the type and amount of nutrients into humic acid single fertilizer, humic acid compound (mixed) fertilizer, humic acid organic fertilizer, humic acid organic - inorganic compound fertilizer, humic acid in trace elements such as fertilizers.
Humic acid compound (mixed) fertilizer is recommended for field crops, which is easy to use and cost-effective. For vegetables and fruit trees, humic acid organic fertilizer, humic acid organic-inorganic compound fertilizer or humic acid trace element fertilizer can be selected. The organic matter can reach 20% ~ 45%, can effectively improve the taste and color of the crop.
If used as flushing or foliar spray, it is recommended to choose humic acid or fulvic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer, although these fertilizers higher prices, but quick, good effect, so more for more valuable cash crops. Although humic acid can be used during the whole growth period of crops, for economic reasons, it can be applied one to two times during the four key periods of crop transplanting, inflorescence and color change, Combined spray effect will be better.
In summary, humic acid Niubi, take advantage of you more Niubi!
Ministry of Agriculture stressed: to adhere to organic fertilizer alternative fertilizers!
Vice Minister of Ministry of Agriculture Zhang Taolin pointed out that since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee and State Council attach great importance to green development and regard green development as one of the five major development concepts, leading our country's modernization into a new era of ecological civilization. We should scientifically understand the connotation of agricultural green development and accurately grasp the "four more emphasis", that is, pay more attention to resource conservation, pay more attention to environment-friendly, pay more attention to ecological conservation and pay more attention to product quality.
In his opinion, to promote green development of agriculture, we should proceed from the situation of our country and the countryside and take the structural reform of the agricultural supply side as the main line, with the primary task of ensuring national food security and increasing the peasants' sustained income. We should adhere to the guideline of the problems, grasp the key links and make efforts In the four major problems facing agricultural green development such as tightening of agricultural resources, agricultural non-point source pollution, agro-ecological system degradation and agricultural product quality and safety, efforts have been made to enhance the capacity of sustainable development, with emphasis on the utilization of livestock and poultry manure resources, Fruit and vegetable tea organic fertilizers alternative fertilizers, straw processing in northeast China, plastic film recovery and aquatic biological protection focusing on the Yangtze River and other green agricultural development five actions, take the output of efficient, product safety, resource-saving and environment-friendly agricultural modernization.
Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the CPC Central Committee and State Council have attached great importance to green development. General Secretary Xi Jinping repeatedly stressed that the Green Mountain is the Jinshan Yinshan. The agricultural departments at all levels should thoroughly study and implement the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speech, implement the decision-making plan of the Central Government and firmly establish the concept of new development. Take the structural reform of agricultural supply-side as the main line, the green development as the orientation, the institutional reform and mechanism innovation as Impetus and step out of an agricultural modernization path with high output, product safety, resource saving and environment-friendly.
General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that it is necessary to give prominence to the increase of supply of green and quality agricultural products in order to promote the structural reform of the agricultural supply side. At present, the supply of agricultural products is of high quality and many brands are not available, which are incompatible with the rapid upgrade of consumption structure of urban and rural residents. To promote the green development of agriculture means to increase the supply of quality, safe and distinctive agricultural products and promote the transformation of the supply of agricultural products from a demand mainly satisfying "quantity" to a more emphasis on "quality".
Efforts to solve the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: In agricultural development, we must not only put an end to the ecological environment and owe it to new debts, but also gradually pay off the old account and lay a solid foundation for the fight against non-point source pollution in agriculture. In recent years, we have put forward the goal of "one control, two reductions and three reductions, and three reductions" to achieve the control of the total agricultural water consumption, the reduction of the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides by 2020, and the basic utilization of livestock manure, straw and plastic sheeting.
At present, all the work has been vigorously promoted and the trend of aggravating agricultural non-point source pollution has been checked. However, the issue remains outstanding while the long-term mechanism has not yet been established. We must adhere to the chemical fertilizer reduction, green alternative organic fertilizer, planting and breeding cycle, comprehensive management, and strive to 2020, fertilizer, pesticide utilization rate reached 40%, comprehensive utilization of livestock and poultry farms reached more than 75%, straw synthesis Utilization rate of more than 85%, plastic film recovery rate of 80% or more.
We must earnestly grasp major agricultural green development initiatives to strengthen the protection of agricultural development of green! Establish a monitoring and evaluation system for agricultural green development. Conduct investigation and monitoring and improve analysis and evaluation. Explore the establishment of an indicator system for agricultural green development, incorporate the results of monitoring and evaluation into the performance evaluation of local governments, and establish an incentive and restraint mechanism linking the allocation of financial funds with the green development of agriculture.
Main:
Organic fertilizer, compound microbial fertilizer, biological fertilizer, microbial agents, water-soluble composite microbial fertilizer, liquid bacteria, high-end cash crops, special fertilizer
January 1, South Korea will be classified according to the purpose of food additives
The Korean Codex Alimentarius, to be implemented as of January 1, 2018, modifies the classification system and adds basic information such as the molecular formula, international classification code, and synonyms for each species. Each additive also clearly indicates its main purpose and standard of use. The use of standards to make provisions in tabular form, not only to facilitate the confirmation of content, but also provides for the use of limits. The new version of "Food Additives Code" also standardized 39 kinds of food additives foreign words mark.
The new edition of the Codex Alimentarius, the food additive for infant and young child food previously regulated in the General Standard of Use, has been moved to the Standard for Use of Various Foods to improve the ease of use and the addition of enzyme-based food additives to their definition Enzyme reaction starting enzyme characteristics.
The appendix of the new edition of the Codex Alimentarius also contains an updated version of the "Guidance on the Application of Standards for Correcting and Setting Standard Specification for Food Additives" and the list of designated additives that have been canceled. The catalog lists the date of cancellation and the reasons for the cancellation of designation.
In accordance with the provisions of the previous production, processing, packaging, import (date of shipment) food additives, after January 1, 2018 also allows sales.
Specific categories of 31 food additives include the following:
Sweeteners, anti-caking agents, chewing gum bases, flour improvers, color formers, preservatives, propellants, acidity regulators, antioxidants, bactericides, defoamers, wetting agents, stabilizers, filter aids, A thickener, a colorant, a perfume, an extraction solvent, a filler, a leavening agent, a bleaching agent, a surface treatment agent, a film-forming agent, Flavoring agent, enzyme preparation.
2017年12月25日星期一
Disinfection methods of water treatment, do you know what?
In the process of industrial water treatment, disinfection is to prevent bacteria, microorganisms on the ion exchange membrane, reverse osmosis membrane and other pollution measures, and some industrial water also has water sterilization, in addition to virus requirements.
There are many ways to disinfect water, basically can be divided into two major categories of physics and chemistry. Physical aspects are heated to boiling, UV disinfection, ultrasonic disinfection and other methods; chemical chlorinated disinfection, ozone disinfection, disinfection of heavy metal ions and other methods.
Food additives rely on these guarantees for safety
Authoritative Codex Committee and Evaluation Center: FAO and WHO of the United Nations co-founded a Codex Alimentarius Commission to harmonize food laws and technical standards in various countries to improve the overall food quality of the world. Under the Codex Alimentarius Commission, a Codex Committee on Food Additives has been established to unify the specifications and standards for food additives and harmonize the experiment and evaluation methods. The Chinese government entrusts its management including the People's Republic of China Health Planning Commission, the State Food and Drug Administration, and the assessment of its safety to the Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment.
Strict Toxicity Assurance to Ensure Safety: How Does the Safety Assessment of Food Additives Work? Our country has a unified food safety toxicity assessment procedure and method, which is revised according to the provisions of the UN Codex Alimentarius Commission. There are about four stages of toxicity assessment: acute toxicity test, hereditary toxicity test, subchronic toxicity test, chronic toxicity test, and after four tests, there is indeed no toxicity to evaluate the application as a food additive. Through these four trials, one of the largest no-action doses was determined, no ingestion toxicity, and a maximum daily intake without any toxic manifestations. In addition, not everyone, any business can produce food additives, to its technical and overall management of the regulation and assessment, and only through the assessment, after issuing permits before they can produce food additives.
Continue to introduce new national standard: With the progress of science, people's understanding of things and research are also in-depth, food additives are not included once it will not change, included in the national standard 2760 in the food additives, new varieties will increase , Some food additives will increase the scope of the new use, there will be withdrawal of some varieties of the situation.
Indian revision of honey and beans and other series of standards
On December 19, 2017, the Indian Institute of Food Safety Standards released the notification of No. Stds / CPL & CP / Draft Notification / FSSAI-2017 amending the part of the Food Safety Standards Law (Food Standards and Food Additives) to include:
1. In the article 2.3.47 of fruits and vegetables, the requirements of aflatoxin in "cereal food" shall be eliminated, the quality standards of sorghum, the sensory and quality parameters of pearl rice shall be formulated, the applicable scope of legume standards shall be revised, the applicable varieties and quality items shall be revised;
2. Amendment to quality standards for corn chips, corn flour and corn kernels, flour, soy protein, sago flour, etc .;
3. Revised composition of cocoa powder and sugar mixture, moisture content and other requirements;
4. Revision of the definition of honey, 21 kinds of parameter standards, origin requirements, the definition of beeswax, sensory, 12 quality parameters, the definition of royal jelly, DHA content, 13 kinds of parameters and so on.
1. In the article 2.3.47 of fruits and vegetables, the requirements of aflatoxin in "cereal food" shall be eliminated, the quality standards of sorghum, the sensory and quality parameters of pearl rice shall be formulated, the applicable scope of legume standards shall be revised, the applicable varieties and quality items shall be revised;
2. Amendment to quality standards for corn chips, corn flour and corn kernels, flour, soy protein, sago flour, etc .;
3. Revised composition of cocoa powder and sugar mixture, moisture content and other requirements;
4. Revision of the definition of honey, 21 kinds of parameter standards, origin requirements, the definition of beeswax, sensory, 12 quality parameters, the definition of royal jelly, DHA content, 13 kinds of parameters and so on.
How to use pesticides Scientific use of pesticides（d）
Fourteen, Pentachloronobenzene Main: Pentachloronitrobenzene Lord also known as soil scattered. To be used as soil and seed treatment. A variety of vegetables, seedling diseases and soil infections have a better disease control effect. The pentachloronitrobenzene and 50% thiram dual WP, or 50% carbendazim WP, or 50% CTC by 1: l mixed seed dressing or soil treatment, you can expand the anti-disease Species, improve the control effect. For soil treatment, in case of heavy clay soil, should be appropriate to increase the dose to ensure efficacy. However, tomato seedlings, onion, lettuce and other sensitive to pentachloronitrobenzene, excessive easily lead to injury, increase dosage to be careful, the seedbed after spraying the appropriate spray (water) to prevent injury.
Bromibacil: It is a broad-spectrum efficient and low toxicity fungicide, which can inhibit and eradicate the growth of fungi, bacteria and algae, has better control effect on crop diseases and has special effects on anthracnose. Widely used in fruit trees, grapes, vegetables, cotton, peanuts, watermelons, tobacco, tea, flowers and other crops, prevention and treatment of anthrax, scab, scab, powdery mildew, rust, damping off, damping off, Rot, ulcer disease, bacterial wilt, angular spot disease and other fungal and bacterial diseases. Flexible application, foliar spray, seed treatment and soil irrigation, have shown good control effect. Also suitable for algae treatment of lake environment, improve the water quality of fishing ponds; textiles, leather and other anti-corrosion, anti-virus.
Sixteen, sterilization Dan: a broad-spectrum protective fungicide. Sterile Dan on a variety of vegetables downy mildew, leaf spot disease have a good preventive and protective effect. Prevention melon and other vegetables downy mildew, powdery mildew, potato and tomato early blight, late blight, with 50% wettable powder 500-600 times spray. (1) can not be mixed with alkaline and insecticide EC, oil. (2) high concentration of tomatoes, easy to produce phytotoxicity, medication should be careful.
Seventeen, three aluminum triphosphate: Alias phosphorus phosphorus, Phytonophora, frost spirit. Phosphorus is an organic phosphorus fungicide systemic fungicide, with the protection and treatment. The frost disease, blight, mold disease has a very good effect, the application of more fruit trees, at the same time it has effects on tobacco black shank disease, so more in the southern tobacco. But for now, the current market awareness of the product is not high enough, the application is not broad enough, which are due to inadequate promotion efforts, but the product, the product is low residual organic phosphorus fungicide, Suction up and down conduction, significant efficacy, is a market potential of the product. At present, aluminum triacetate is used in more exports and with limited manufacturers, resulting in relatively few sales in the domestic market. This product can be conducted up and down in the crop body conduction, apple epidemic disease is more serious, the effect is good, but the pre-bagging application on the fruit surface is not safe, easy to cause Huafan, so farmers accept it difficult.
The above summary of the seventeen common pesticide tips, which are specifically for vegetables, but also specifically for fruits and vegetables of agricultural products, there is also a specific type of pest or a class of bacteria drugs, when used to have Targeted, should not abuse drugs, excessive fight drugs.
Occurrence Cause and Preventive Measures of Vegetable Fertilizer Harm
Vegetable fat
1. High concentrations of salt Hazardous greenhouse vegetable fertilization amount of soluble salt in the soil rose to the surface with groundwater, resulting in accumulation of nutrients in the topsoil, due to the high nutrient content of the soil surface, the growth of the plant roots blocked, green and black leaves have a hardening heart Leaf curly, dry tip of young leaves and calyx sites, plant dwarf; seriously injured plants even wilted, withered.
2. Ammonium Hazard Protected areas to use ammonium nitrogen fertilizer or fresh organic fertilizer, when poor ventilation, encountered shed high temperature, it will decompose in a short time to produce large amounts of ammonia, will be volatile to the air, so that leafy vegetables Of the obvious water stains stems and leaves plaques; serious necrosis of the top of the conduction tissue, chlorophyll disintegration, obviously between the leaves and dots, massive dark spots.
Excess nitrogen fertilizer excess nitrogen fertilizer easily lead to large green leaves of fruits and vegetables, petiole and internodes longer, the plant is easy to grow long, sometimes between the veins appear yellow, buds slender, fruit growth is slow, easy to fall, fall fruit.
4. Inappropriate fertilization method sandy soil once the application is too large, short supply of nutrients and fierce, late often due to nutrient deficiency caused by premature plant failure. Volatile ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, urea and other facilities on the surface, reach the desired effect and easy to burn the lower leaves.
Occurrence Cause and Preventive Measures of Vegetable Fertilizer Harm
Vegetable fertilizer prevention measures:
1. Balance fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be combined with the application, as far as possible to avoid the application of a single fertilizer, according to the growth of vegetables in different periods of nutrition requirements, so nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium balance fertilization. Leafy vegetables, a higher proportion of nitrogen, soya-bean vegetables is a higher proportion of potash. Combined use of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium not only can prevent fertilizer damage, but also improve fertilizer utilization.
2. Application of decomposed organic fertilizer on the vegetable field organic fertilizer, in the decomposition process, the formation of organic colloids, organic colloids on the cation has a strong adsorption capacity, when fertilizers applied to the soil, because the cations are mostly colloidal adsorption, so Soil solution concentration will not rise too high, can improve the buffer capacity of soil nutrients, greatly reducing the possibility of fertilizer damage.
3. Scientific methods of fertilization According to the needs of crop growth, soil nutrient status, weather conditions considering the fertilization period, dosage. To promote full-depth application of the method of stratification, should not spread in the soil surface, in order to achieve integration of soil and fertilizer, fertilizer evenly distributed throughout the tillage layer. Apply facilities to crop roots 10 cm above. At the same time pay attention to fertilization should be properly watering, keep the soil moist, reduce the concentration of the solution, to avoid concentration damage.
4. Controlling the amount of fertilizer in the application of fertilizer must grasp the level of abundance and abundance of sudden nutrition and crop demand for nutrients, the scientific and rational fertilization, not to increase the amount.
These are the reasons for the occurrence of vegetable fat damage and introduction of precautionary measures, friends and friends in the vegetable fertilizers to vegetables, we must pay attention to these issues, not blind.
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