Bacterial wilt, also known as bacterial wilt, is one of the main diseases of solanaceae vegetables.Tomato bacterial wilt belongs to pseudomonas in the bacterial classification.The main symptom is that the stems and leaves remain green, but the plant has passed the wilting stage and eventually dies.In the early stage of disease onset, normal appearance was observed when the temperature was lower in the morning and evening, and wilting was observed when the temperature was high at noon.At the root of the diseased stem, the lactobacillus exudate can be seen by hand extrusion. Grasping this characteristic, field diagnosis can be basically carried out.If this basic characteristic is neglected, it is easy to be confused with other diseases.For example, there are various diseases that cause stem vascular bundle Browning. Verticillium wilt of tomato and eggplant is caused by vascular bundle Browning, but no milky mucus can be squeezed out.
The main influencing factors are temperature, humidity and cultivation level.In the environment of high temperature and high humidity, the incidence of bacterial wilt is obvious.The environmental humidity includes the air humidity and the soil humidity, the soil humidity is more important.High temperature determines the high transpiration of the host, which can be completely adapted by normal guidance tissues, but not by diseased conduction tissues.Transpiration, counselling organization, the more can not adapt to, the greater the root system under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, a large number of absorb the moisture to meet the need of the organs, and organs such as leaves, flowers, fruits the required large amounts of water and water-soluble nutrients, a failure as a result of conducting tissue pathological changes, can't timely delivery, and plant wilting, and then die.The leaf photosynthetic function is normal, therefore still maintains the green, the final result is the green Withers.In addition, extensive cultivation and management techniques, soil mud-diwa, water accumulation in the field, lack of calcium and phosphorus, acidic soil, and more nitrogen, coupled with continuous cropping, aggravated the disease significantly.Soilless cultivation (especially substrate cultivation) can spread faster once infected.
2019年5月17日星期五
2019年5月10日星期五
Small pepper fertilizer watering skills
Small pepper a nitrogenous fertilizer too much, not only the crop can not absorb, resulting in waste, and even the emergence of "high foot seedling", "burning seedling" phenomenon, and resulting in soil salt concentration is too high, hinder root growth.If the soil is too dry or too much rain, the plants wilt or retting the roots will cause falling leaves, flowers and fruit.In order to improve the yield and quality of small pepper, should master each link of fertilization and watering skills.
Fertilize every mu with 5,000 kg of rotten farm manure, 50 kg of superphosphate and 20 kg of potassium sulfate as base fertilizer.After ploughing, rake flat and fine, prepare the land to be furrow, it is best to leave 1/3 of the base fertilizer in the furrow to be applied under the ridge, after shallow hoe, make the manure mixed well and then make ridge again.
When transplanting with soil, first dig small holes of 15-25 cm deep on the check surface, then transplant with soil, fill half of the holes with fine soil and water.The next morning douse water again, with fine soil sealed hole.
Conservation of soil moisture by intertillage was given priority to by conservation of soil moisture by intertillage before planting, which promoted the development of root system and laid the foundation for fertility.3-4 days after transplanting, when the ground is white, intertilled, but near the seedling should be shallow, to prevent loose miao tuo.After transplanting 5-7 days, when the stem leaf is green, heart leaf begins to grow, it is slow seedling namely, should irrigate slow seedling water, and union is watered, topdressing raises seedling fertilizer, every mu acupoint is applied or furrow is applied urea 10 kilograms.Soil see dry, in time for a fine soil conservation tillage, and then squat seedling, squat seedling time 10-15 days.
Watering topdressing flower fruit period door pepper flowering appropriate control watering, prevent flourishing long, promote fruit.When most plant door pepper after sitting fruit, end crouch seedling, irrigate the 2nd water, and union is watered again apply fertilizer, every mu urea 20-25 kilograms or 1000 kilograms of human excrement and urine, open gully dark apply, apply immediately after watering, promote fruit bulking.Door pepper after harvesting, watering the third time, and combined with water to chase a fertilizer, per acre of urea 10-15 kg.Thereafter, depending on the weather conditions, water every 7-10 days, and keep the check surface dry.
What fertilizer does chrysanthemum apply? Chrysanthemum fertilization method?
Chrysanthemum is one of the top ten flowers in China, one of the four gentlemen (plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum), and one of the four cut flowers in the world (chrysanthemum, rose, carnation and calamus).Because chrysanthemum has the character of proud cold snow, the Chinese people have the double ninth festival to appreciate chrysanthemum and drink chrysanthemum wine customs.Today is to understand the knowledge of fertilization chrysanthemum:
The annual growth period of chrysanthemum can be divided into seedling stage, branch pregnancy stage, flowering stage, wither stage and overwintering stage.Plants need different nutrient conditions at different growth stages.In addition, chrysanthemum root system is developed, enter the soil deeper and fine root is much, absorb fertility is strong, it is plant of a kind of flowers that likes fertilizer.
Combined with base fertilizer, 5,000 kg manure per mu of cultivated land was applied, and 400 kg rotten human manure per mu when transplanting chrysanthemum seedlings.fertilizer
(1) urge seedling fertilizer in the case of insufficient base fertilizer, can be transplanted after the survival of 400 kg per mu of human manure.
(2) at the beginning of branching, 1000 kg of rotten manure per mu was mixed with 25 kg of superphosphate and combined with soil tillage.
(3) show bud fertilizer show bud, each mu with 5 kilograms of urea, 10 kilograms of calcium superphosphate mixed application, and 0.5%-1% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate spray application 3 times, 7-10 days once.
(4) in the wintering period as the nursery of seedlings of the coming year, (x) 2000 kg of rancid manure was applied to each mu (x) after the plants were mowed about 1 cm from the ground when the plants were wilted.
How to fertilize plum trees properly? How to control the fertilizer amount of plum
Plum taste acid, can promote gastric acid and gastric digestive enzyme secretion, and can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, thus has the effect of improving appetite, promoting digestion.So how to fertilize plum trees properly?How should the fertilizer rate of plum hold?
(1) fertilization time
It is the theoretical basis of rational fertilization to apply sufficient fertilizer before the peak of root growth to meet the nutrient requirements including flower bud differentiation and development.The differentiation time of plum blossom buds started from mid-june to early July and continued from mid-september to mid-october and late October, lasting 70 ~ 110 days.
In the meantime, adequate nutrition must be ensured.There were three growth peaks of plum root system, which were from late April to early may, from late June to early July, and from late August to mid September.The first growth peak was accompanied by the growth peak of the new shoot, and the second growth peak was conducted simultaneously with the growth of the new shoot, fruit development and flower bud differentiation, both of which consumed a lot of nutrients, which we called the nutrition consumption period of the year (from late April to July).
In addition, there are two key periods for plum tree growth, namely, organic nutrient accumulation period (July to October) and storage nutrient consumption period (mid-february to late April), in which the nutrients consumed in storage nutrient consumption period mainly come from autumn basal fertilizer and nutrient reflux of leaves after harvest.Therefore, plum trees should be postharded with compound fertilizer and chemical fertilizer before and after germination, sprayed with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on the leaves in mid-june, and applied with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer from late August to early September in early autumn.
(2) fertilizer application amount
Adequate and balanced nutrition supply is the premise for plum trees to produce high yield.In addition, an appropriate amount of trace elements should be added when a large number of elements are applied.The amount of fertilizer can be determined according to the age of different trees. Generally, young trees should be applied with organic fertilizer of 50 to 80 kg, and ternary compound fertilizer of 50 to 1 kg.At the beginning, 100 jins of organic fertilizer were applied to the trees, and 1 to 3 jins of ternary compound fertilizer were applied.In the full fruit stage, the tree plants were applied with 100 to 200 jin of organic fertilizer, 2 to 3 jin of urea, 4 to 6 jin of phosphate fertilizer, and 2 to 3 jin of potash fertilizer.In addition, the amount of fertilizer can be determined according to the yield. If the yield per mu is 1200 to 2000 jin, organic fertilizer 4000 to 5000 jin, urea 50 to 80 jin, potash fertilizer 40 to 60 jin, and phosphate fertilizer 100 to 120 jin should be applied.If a single tree fruit 100 pounds, each tree need to apply 200 pounds of organic fertilizer, ammonium sulfate 4 to 9 pounds, calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate half catty to 1 catty.
(3) fertilization method
Soil fertilization:
(1) radial ditch application.Mainly used for dressing fertilizer.
(2) rotate-shaped furrow application.Suitable for young trees and mountain orchard.
(3) criss-cross irrigation.Suitable for flat orchard.
(4) fertilizer and water storage at acupoints.Suitable for tablet fertilizer or sand.Generally, the depth of fertilization is between 20 and 40, and the part outside the middle of canopy projection is appropriate.
Foliar fertilizer spraying:
In general, foliar fertilizer spraying can be absorbed and utilized within 15 ~ 120 minutes after spraying, so it can play a good role in the critical period of growth and development of fruit trees (such as flower bud differentiation or the lack of certain elements).
However, attention should be paid when applying fertilizer:
(1) if it is sunny, it should be sprayed before 10 am or after 4 PM.
(2) since the leaf back absorbs fertilizer faster than the leaf surface, the leaf back should be sprayed.
(3) the concentration should be appropriate, and the commonly used concentration is generally about 0.3%.
How to fertilize plum trees properly?How should the fertilizer rate of plum hold?Just to be here to introduce, plum fertilization help with the quality of the plum, plum right fertilization methods in different growth period, supplement nutrition needed, before plum blossom can increasing rapidly available nitrogen fertilizer application and a small amount of phosphate, potash, for timely added plum nutrition needed for different growth period, effectively promote the increase of plum and production.
How does grape apply medium microelement fertilizer?
In the process of grape planting, micronutrient fertilizer is often applied to increase yield.So how do you fertilize grapes with micronutrients?Introduce the application skill of fertilizer of a few microelement in grape to everybody below.
How does grape apply medium microelement fertilizer
Before grape germination: in order to promote new root germination, early germination, prevent early spring damage, early zinc, zinc oxide can be sprayed 1500 times solution.
From germination to new shoot growth: in order to promote vigorous growth of grape shoots and provide sufficient nutrients for flower bud differentiation, 1000 times solution of sodium octaborate or potassium octaborate can be sprayed, and 2-3 times solution of 2000-3000 times solution of iron chelate of EDTA/EDDHA can be sprayed to prevent iron deficiency and yellowing.
Bud period to before flowering: in order to promote the robust development of grape bud, promote normal pollination and fertilization, reduce falling bud and falling flower, can be sprayed with sodium octaborate or potassium octaborate 1000 times solution, with spraying zinc oxide 1500 times solution.
Application techniques of trace element fertilizer in grape
From flower drop to ear formation stage: in order to reduce grape physiological fruit drop, improve fruit setting rate, promote fruit expansion, reduce size of grains, can be sprayed with zinc oxide solution of 3000 times, and with sugar alcohol chelate calcium fertilizer of 1000 times solution.
Berry growth stage: 1000-1500 times solution of sugar-alcohol chelating calcium fertilizer was sprayed, during the expansion stage of grape berries, it could promote fruit expansion, sugar accumulation and peel coloring, prevent fruit cracking, improve fruit hardness, and prevent physiological leaves;It can promote fruit color, improve high quality fruit rate, prevent physiological yellow leaves, and prevent early deciduous.In the first 15 days after fruit picking, the staining and nutrient accumulation of fruits were improved, and the storage period of fruits after fruit picking was prolonged.
After harvest, autumn fertilizer was applied on the base: the suspended zno 2000-3000 times solution was sprayed to supplement the body nutrition of grape tree and restore the tree potential, laying a foundation for flower bud differentiation, flowering and fruiting in the coming year.
Above is the introduction that fertilizer of a few grape medium microelement applies a skill, the fruit farmer friend that plants a grape, can consult the method that applies fertilizer above, apply fertilizer of medium microelement reasonably.
The method that apply fertilizer of garlic seedling
Garlic sprout is a common vegetable. The purpose of garlic sprout cultivation is to harvest the seedlings.So how do you fertilize garlic plants?Introduce the fertilization method of suanmiao to everybody below.
How does garlic sprout fertilize good
During the growth period of garlic seedling cultivation, less fertilizer was needed, but the plant planting density was large and the amount of fertilizer absorption per unit area was large.At the same time, smaller garlic cloves were used as seed garlic in garlic seedling cultivation.Together with the edible part is false stem (namely leaf sheath part, also called garlic white) and tender leaves, tender and juicy garlic seedlings, taste delicious, so garlic seedlings cultivation fertilization can not be ignored.
Of garlic seedling apply fertilizer is to want to apply sufficient base fertilizer, 2 it is not to need crouch seedling, want to urge to the end.Base fertilizer can be combined with land preparation, 667 square meters apply ripe circle fertilizer 4000-5000 kg, or human and animal manure 2500-3000 kg, or agricultural fertilizer 5000 kg, add ammonium bicarbonate 15-20 kg, calcium superphosphate 50 kg as base fertilizer.Generally, the top dressing should be 2-3 times, with quick effect fertilizer and mainly nitrogen fertilizer.
The method that apply fertilizer of garlic seedling
The first topdressing is usually carried out after the seedlings are fully grown.The second topdressing can be conducted about 15 days before the harvest, and the application amount can be the same as the first time.If the harvest is late, can be added between the two topdressing a fertilizer, fertilizer amount of general 667 square meters of urea 15-20 kg.After the spring harvest, to be combined with green water, green fertilizer, to speed up the green, improve the quality and yield of garlic seedlings.
Greenhouse cultivation of garlic seedlings, to prepare fertile soil.Top dressing was mainly carried out through leaf surface.After seedling height 5 centimeters, every square metre is irrigated apply 20 grams of urea water, after every 7 days gute is applied apply the aqueous solution of 300 times phosphate 2 ammonium, after each foliar fertilize, want to rinse foliar with clear water, lest produce fertilizer to harm.
Above is the introduction of the garlic seedling fertilization method, planting garlic seedling friends, can refer to the above fertilization method, combined with the actual planting conditions, reasonable fertilization.
How to fertilize pineapple effectively?
Pineapple fruit quality, rich nutrition, with heat quenching thirst, xiaoshi zhixie, spleen and stomach tonic, solid vitality, qi and blood, xiaoshi, clearing damp, beauty slimming and other effects, for the summer medicine and excellent seasonal good fruit, but also should not eat too much.
1. Base fertilizer: it is the material basis to ensure a good growth of the plant after planting, and requires large amount of fertilizer, complete elements, high concentration and harmonious proportion.Use manure, compost, soil compost, waste compost, green compost, cake compost after retting, add proper amount of chemical phosphorus, potassium, magnesium fertilizer.In red soil and brick-red soil with low nitrogen and calcium available phosphorus, 3.5 to 4 tons of manure, 150 to 200 kg of superphosphate, l5-20 kg of potassium sulfate, and 0.8 to 1 kg of magnesium sulfate were applied together with two topsoil and mixed well.
2. Base fertilizer: the basic fertilizer for the growth and development of pineapple in one year is the material condition to ensure the high yield and quality in the next year. Therefore, it is said that "one base wins three chase".Apply first in the base or between the lines to open a good fertilizer ditch, the dead leaves, fruit stalks, weeds or green fertilizer pad in the bottom of the ditch, and then apply mixed with two topsoil fertilizer and fertilizer.Generally, each mu is applied with 2-2.5 tons of miscellaneous soil fertilizer, 20-25 kilograms of NPK compound fertilizer, and 25-30 kilograms of cake fertilizer.Earth up immediately after application.
3. Topdressing:
1) strong bud fertilizer.After fruiting, doral was mixed with water and applied to the root soil or the base of the petiole to promote the growth of suckers.
2) fat before flowers.In l1 month before flower bud differentiation, each plant was applied with 2-2.5 kg manure, 20-30 g urea and 40-50 g superphosphate to promote flower bud differentiation, increase the number of flower layers and enhance the cold resistance of the plant.
3) promote bud growth.In January, ditch the stem base and apply mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, mix half of the farm manure, apply 0.8-1kg per plant, in order to promote the bud hypertrophy and lay a material foundation for increasing the fruit:
4) the strong fruit promotes the bud fertilizer.In the 4-5 months after flowering and small fruit expansion, mainly potassium and phosphate fertilizer, combined with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer, with the annual amount of fertilizer l/5, in the stem foot furrow dry application or with doule blunt application.
4. Foliar fertilization: due to the special water storage structure and absorption function of pineapple leaves, foliar fertilization has a particularly good effect, especially when it is inconvenient to apply fertilizer in the rhizosphere after plant sealing, foliar fertilization is an important way to replenish fertilizer.Nutrition growth period to nitrogen fertilizer, reproductive growth period to potassium, phosphorus for the second, can be sprayed on the surface of the famous big fat treasure, dol and calcium fertilizer.In may, June and July, each leaf was sprayed with stotolol 1-2 times a month, which can significantly improve the sugar content and flavor of the fruit
2019年4月26日星期五
Crop lack of boron correction of the main raw materials
1, industrial borax
Molecular formula is Na2B4O7? 10H2O, boron content of about 10.9%, colorless and transparent crystal or white powder. Incompatible with water, but soluble in hot water at 40 ℃, commonly used as domestic soil.
2, boron magnesium fertilizer
Molecular formula is H3BO3? MgSO4, boron magnesium fertilizer is boric acid residue, gray or off-white powder. Boron is mainly boric acid form, more difficult to dissolve in water, containing boron (B2O3) 0.4%, the domestic use as soil treatment.
3, boron magnesium phosphate
Born with acid and phosphate rock phosphate made of boron, containing effective boron (B2O3) about 0.6%. Domestic use as soil treatment.
4, boric acid
Containing more than 17% of pure boron (B), water-soluble, best to add boron, the best absorption. Can be mixed with most pesticide fertilizers.
5, four sodium octaborate
Containing pure boron (B) more than 20%, water-soluble, better boron supplement. Can be mixed with most pesticide fertilizers.
6, fluid boron (sugar alcohol boron)
By boric acid and diisopropanolamine, sorbitol xylitol and other substances through a special process of synthesis of a new type of foliar application of boron fertilizer. Boron (B) 160g / L, fast absorption, boron effect is excellent.
Boron fertilizer use technology
Boron participates in many important physiological activities and is an important nutrient necessary for crop growth and development. Suitable for all crop applications, increasing crop yields, improving crop quality, and improving crop resilience.
As a result of a variety of boron content, product purity, product quality difference between a large, so a variety of boron concentration using methods are not the same.
1, the domestic low content of boron application technology
Soil-based facilities? With bauxite per acre 0.5 ~ 1kg, and fine soil, phosphate fertilizer or nitrogen fertilizer evenly in the planting of transplanting ditch facilities or facilities. Boron mud as more basal fertilizer, about 15kg per acre, can be mixed with organic fertilizer application. Boron mud containing magnesium (MgO) 30 ~ 40% for the southern soil.
2, high content of instant boron application technology
Spraying micro-boron or Meng Bailong brand fluid boron, and water preparation of 0.1 to 0.15% aqueous solution, the crop seedling stage, bolting stage, bud stage, early stage of infancy, young fruit and other growth options spray 2 or 3 times. With the water chase and herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and other mixed application.
3, as many times as soon as possible
Boron in the plant's ability to operate poorly, should be sprayed as well. Cotton can be sprayed in the bud stage, spray every two or three consecutive 2 or 3 times as well. Fruit trees in the young fruit, full flowering spray better, can also be mixed with pesticides and 0.5% urea spraying.
4, soil-based facilities
Particulate boron can be applied to the soil, such as applying, applying, applying and spreading before the crop is sown. Apply 5 ~ 10g of each tree separately or with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer on fruit tree. Particulate boron is a completely soluble fertilizer whose large, granular physical structure makes it very advantageous in soil use. Has a relatively long-term, boron is not easy to leaching, not easy to cause soil boron poisoning.
5, soil topdressing
In the absence of soil-based application of boron or other boron fertilizers, in the late crop seedlings, to the soil topdressing boron particles 200g / mu, alone or with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer mixed with strip, Ditch Shi, Shi Shi, spreading and other methods for chase, chase watering.
6, Borosilicate boron and boron spray with
In general, soil is treated with primary particles of boron and sprayed with boron 1-2 times before flowering. The crops with high boron demand (rapeseed, cotton, peanut, fruit trees, vegetables, etc.) are improved in quality and the yield increase effect is very obvious.
Molecular formula is Na2B4O7? 10H2O, boron content of about 10.9%, colorless and transparent crystal or white powder. Incompatible with water, but soluble in hot water at 40 ℃, commonly used as domestic soil.
2, boron magnesium fertilizer
Molecular formula is H3BO3? MgSO4, boron magnesium fertilizer is boric acid residue, gray or off-white powder. Boron is mainly boric acid form, more difficult to dissolve in water, containing boron (B2O3) 0.4%, the domestic use as soil treatment.
3, boron magnesium phosphate
Born with acid and phosphate rock phosphate made of boron, containing effective boron (B2O3) about 0.6%. Domestic use as soil treatment.
4, boric acid
Containing more than 17% of pure boron (B), water-soluble, best to add boron, the best absorption. Can be mixed with most pesticide fertilizers.
5, four sodium octaborate
Containing pure boron (B) more than 20%, water-soluble, better boron supplement. Can be mixed with most pesticide fertilizers.
6, fluid boron (sugar alcohol boron)
By boric acid and diisopropanolamine, sorbitol xylitol and other substances through a special process of synthesis of a new type of foliar application of boron fertilizer. Boron (B) 160g / L, fast absorption, boron effect is excellent.
Boron fertilizer use technology
Boron participates in many important physiological activities and is an important nutrient necessary for crop growth and development. Suitable for all crop applications, increasing crop yields, improving crop quality, and improving crop resilience.
As a result of a variety of boron content, product purity, product quality difference between a large, so a variety of boron concentration using methods are not the same.
1, the domestic low content of boron application technology
Soil-based facilities? With bauxite per acre 0.5 ~ 1kg, and fine soil, phosphate fertilizer or nitrogen fertilizer evenly in the planting of transplanting ditch facilities or facilities. Boron mud as more basal fertilizer, about 15kg per acre, can be mixed with organic fertilizer application. Boron mud containing magnesium (MgO) 30 ~ 40% for the southern soil.
2, high content of instant boron application technology
Spraying micro-boron or Meng Bailong brand fluid boron, and water preparation of 0.1 to 0.15% aqueous solution, the crop seedling stage, bolting stage, bud stage, early stage of infancy, young fruit and other growth options spray 2 or 3 times. With the water chase and herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and other mixed application.
3, as many times as soon as possible
Boron in the plant's ability to operate poorly, should be sprayed as well. Cotton can be sprayed in the bud stage, spray every two or three consecutive 2 or 3 times as well. Fruit trees in the young fruit, full flowering spray better, can also be mixed with pesticides and 0.5% urea spraying.
4, soil-based facilities
Particulate boron can be applied to the soil, such as applying, applying, applying and spreading before the crop is sown. Apply 5 ~ 10g of each tree separately or with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer on fruit tree. Particulate boron is a completely soluble fertilizer whose large, granular physical structure makes it very advantageous in soil use. Has a relatively long-term, boron is not easy to leaching, not easy to cause soil boron poisoning.
5, soil topdressing
In the absence of soil-based application of boron or other boron fertilizers, in the late crop seedlings, to the soil topdressing boron particles 200g / mu, alone or with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer mixed with strip, Ditch Shi, Shi Shi, spreading and other methods for chase, chase watering.
6, Borosilicate boron and boron spray with
In general, soil is treated with primary particles of boron and sprayed with boron 1-2 times before flowering. The crops with high boron demand (rapeseed, cotton, peanut, fruit trees, vegetables, etc.) are improved in quality and the yield increase effect is very obvious.
Factors Influencing Soil Boron Efficiency
In the agricultural production, rape appeared "blooming but not real" symptom, the wheat "no twisting disease", cotton "bud instead of flower", peanut "fruit and not fruitless" It is due to lack of boron.
Factors Influencing Soil Boron Efficiency
1, soil pH (pH value)
Soil pH value between 4.7 and 6.7, the highest availability of boron, water-soluble boron and the PH value is positively correlated. However, between pH 7.1 and 8.1, the effectiveness of boron decreased, and water-soluble boron was negatively correlated with pH. It has been shown that the effectiveness of boron in soil is mainly affected by adsorption and fixation. However, the adsorption and fixation are closely related to the pH value of soil. The availability of boron in acidic soil is the highest, but it is easy to elute the loss. Large amount of lime and boron Adsorption fixed increase, will have induced boron deficiency.
High demand for boron crops, alfalfa soil suitable for growth environment is pH 6.5, lime treatment of soil may be needed. However, lime treatment of the soil as a whole reduces the availability of boron, especially at pH> 7. The reason is that Ca2 + ions inactivate boron ions.
2, soil organic matter
The vast majority of soil available boron exists in the soil organic matter complex (boron and humic acid), organic matter more soil available boron more. Organic matter is decomposed and released into the soil solution because of the boron combined with organic matter or immobilized by organic matter.
Environmental conditions such as cold and humid; heat, dry will reduce the degradation rate of organic matter, will also reduce the amount of available boron in the soil. In addition, there is less organic matter in the soil and less potential for the soil to feed itself, so it is often necessary to apply boron to the soil at a lower concentration.
3, climatic conditions
In the arid area, the fixation effect is enhanced. The higher the temperature is, the less the content of water-soluble boron is and the less effective the soil is. Wet and rainy areas, often due to a strong leaching effect of boron loss, reducing the content of available boron, especially light soil is particularly evident.
4, soil texture
Boron is easily leached in light soils, which results in a decrease of water-soluble boron. In clay soil, due to the adsorption of clay particles, more effective boron is retained. Therefore, under other conditions, light soil Available boron content less than the clay soil, boron deficiency often appear in light soil. However, although the total amount of boron contained in the clay is high, available boron may be low due to the immobilization of boron on the clay surface.
Well seeps, and heavy rainfall or often irrigated sandy soils have strong potential for seepage, making them the most susceptible to boron deficiency, so they require frequent boron supplementation.
5, soil cultivation
In general, when the soil surface is harvested, there is more boron available to the soil and plant roots. Soil cultivation will make the soil mix, improve soil aeration, drainage. These are the best conditions for the decomposition of soil organic matter to release boron.
As crop production practices change to less tillage or no tillage management, the organic matter that accumulates at or near the soil surface will not decompose rapidly, so the soil available boron relies more on soil surface moisture conditions. Therefore, the application of boron fertilizer is very important for crop production.
Factors Influencing Soil Boron Efficiency
1, soil pH (pH value)
Soil pH value between 4.7 and 6.7, the highest availability of boron, water-soluble boron and the PH value is positively correlated. However, between pH 7.1 and 8.1, the effectiveness of boron decreased, and water-soluble boron was negatively correlated with pH. It has been shown that the effectiveness of boron in soil is mainly affected by adsorption and fixation. However, the adsorption and fixation are closely related to the pH value of soil. The availability of boron in acidic soil is the highest, but it is easy to elute the loss. Large amount of lime and boron Adsorption fixed increase, will have induced boron deficiency.
High demand for boron crops, alfalfa soil suitable for growth environment is pH 6.5, lime treatment of soil may be needed. However, lime treatment of the soil as a whole reduces the availability of boron, especially at pH> 7. The reason is that Ca2 + ions inactivate boron ions.
2, soil organic matter
The vast majority of soil available boron exists in the soil organic matter complex (boron and humic acid), organic matter more soil available boron more. Organic matter is decomposed and released into the soil solution because of the boron combined with organic matter or immobilized by organic matter.
Environmental conditions such as cold and humid; heat, dry will reduce the degradation rate of organic matter, will also reduce the amount of available boron in the soil. In addition, there is less organic matter in the soil and less potential for the soil to feed itself, so it is often necessary to apply boron to the soil at a lower concentration.
3, climatic conditions
In the arid area, the fixation effect is enhanced. The higher the temperature is, the less the content of water-soluble boron is and the less effective the soil is. Wet and rainy areas, often due to a strong leaching effect of boron loss, reducing the content of available boron, especially light soil is particularly evident.
4, soil texture
Boron is easily leached in light soils, which results in a decrease of water-soluble boron. In clay soil, due to the adsorption of clay particles, more effective boron is retained. Therefore, under other conditions, light soil Available boron content less than the clay soil, boron deficiency often appear in light soil. However, although the total amount of boron contained in the clay is high, available boron may be low due to the immobilization of boron on the clay surface.
Well seeps, and heavy rainfall or often irrigated sandy soils have strong potential for seepage, making them the most susceptible to boron deficiency, so they require frequent boron supplementation.
5, soil cultivation
In general, when the soil surface is harvested, there is more boron available to the soil and plant roots. Soil cultivation will make the soil mix, improve soil aeration, drainage. These are the best conditions for the decomposition of soil organic matter to release boron.
As crop production practices change to less tillage or no tillage management, the organic matter that accumulates at or near the soil surface will not decompose rapidly, so the soil available boron relies more on soil surface moisture conditions. Therefore, the application of boron fertilizer is very important for crop production.
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