Imidacloprid is a new generation of chlorinated nicotine insecticide with broad spectrum, high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue, insects are not easy to produce resistance, safe for humans, livestock, plants and natural enemies, and have contact toxicity, stomach toxicity and systemic absorption Multiple effects.
Imidacloprid mainly for the prevention and treatment of sucking mouthparts pests, such as aphids, planthoppers, whitefly, leafhoppers, thrips; to Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera certain pests, such as rice, Insects, rice stem borers, leaf moths, etc. are also effective. But the nematodes and spider mites invalid. Can be used for rice, wheat, corn, cotton, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beet, fruit trees and other crops. Due to its excellent internal absorption, it is particularly suitable for application by seed treatment and sprinkling. General mu with active ingredients 3 to 10 grams, watered spray or seed dressing. Security interval of 20 days. Pay attention to the protection of pesticides to prevent contact with the skin and inhaled powder, liquid, medication should be promptly rinsed with water exposed parts. Do not mix with alkaline pesticides. Should not be sprayed under strong sunlight, so as not to reduce the efficacy.
2019年9月12日星期四
Remaining pesticides clever care
The remaining pesticides stored improperly, will reduce the insecticidal effect, or even produce injury. Therefore, the peasants purchased the pesticides that year have not run out, ready for reuse next year, in the custody process to achieve the following points:
1, sealed and stored: Some pesticides volatile failure, resulting in air pollution, storage must be tightened cap, the implementation of sealing.
2, to maintain the temperature: Most powder pesticides at high temperatures, its quality is easily affected. The higher the temperature, the easier the pesticides to melt, decompose, volatilize, and even burn and explode. Some emulsion pesticides in the face of high temperatures, it will destroy its emulsifying properties, reduce efficacy. Some bottled liquid pesticides when exposed to low temperature after freezing, forming lumps, or the bottle burst, in the custody of such pesticides should maintain the indoor temperature above 1 ℃.
3, dark: some pesticides fear of light, long-term exposure to light, will cause pesticide decomposition metamorphism and failure, when in custody to avoid heat and sun.
4, to keep dry: powder pesticides and plant regulators, it is easy to absorb moisture caking. Therefore, the place to store pesticides should be kept dry and prevent leaking snow. Also leave windows to allow for ventilation and keep the humidity below 75%.
5, to avoid mixing: pesticides are divided into alkaline, acidic and neutral. Alkaline pesticides are propanil, stone sulfur mixture, Bordeaux mixture; acidic pesticides such as deltamethrin; neutral pesticides have gram blasting and so on. The three different types of pesticides, stored in storage should be kept separate from the store at a distance of 0.5 meters or more, otherwise, will ineffective deterioration of pesticides.
6, rigorous mixed: the two pesticides never end that year, can not be mixed in a bottle, so as to avoid failure.
1, sealed and stored: Some pesticides volatile failure, resulting in air pollution, storage must be tightened cap, the implementation of sealing.
2, to maintain the temperature: Most powder pesticides at high temperatures, its quality is easily affected. The higher the temperature, the easier the pesticides to melt, decompose, volatilize, and even burn and explode. Some emulsion pesticides in the face of high temperatures, it will destroy its emulsifying properties, reduce efficacy. Some bottled liquid pesticides when exposed to low temperature after freezing, forming lumps, or the bottle burst, in the custody of such pesticides should maintain the indoor temperature above 1 ℃.
3, dark: some pesticides fear of light, long-term exposure to light, will cause pesticide decomposition metamorphism and failure, when in custody to avoid heat and sun.
4, to keep dry: powder pesticides and plant regulators, it is easy to absorb moisture caking. Therefore, the place to store pesticides should be kept dry and prevent leaking snow. Also leave windows to allow for ventilation and keep the humidity below 75%.
5, to avoid mixing: pesticides are divided into alkaline, acidic and neutral. Alkaline pesticides are propanil, stone sulfur mixture, Bordeaux mixture; acidic pesticides such as deltamethrin; neutral pesticides have gram blasting and so on. The three different types of pesticides, stored in storage should be kept separate from the store at a distance of 0.5 meters or more, otherwise, will ineffective deterioration of pesticides.
6, rigorous mixed: the two pesticides never end that year, can not be mixed in a bottle, so as to avoid failure.
Phosphate fertilizers
All phosphate fertilizers are obtained by extraction from minerals containing the anion PO43−. In rare cases, fields are treated with the crushed mineral, but most often more soluble salts are produced by chemical treatment of phosphate minerals.
DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (DAP)
The most popular phosphate-containing minerals are referred to collectively as phosphate rock. The main minerals are fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F (CFA) and hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH.
Double Super Phosphate (DSP)
These minerals are converted to water-soluble phosphate salts by treatment with sulfuric or phosphoric acids. The large production of sulfuric acid as an industrial chemical is primarily due to its use as cheap acid in processing phosphate rock into phosphate fertilizer. The global primary uses for both sulfur and phosphorus compounds relate to this basic process.
Single Super Phosphate (SSP)
In the nitrophosphate process or Odda process (invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved with nitric acid (HNO3) to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2). This mixture can be combined with a potassium fertilizer to produce a compound fertilizer with the three macronutrients N, P and K in easily dissolved form.
DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATE (DAP)
The most popular phosphate-containing minerals are referred to collectively as phosphate rock. The main minerals are fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F (CFA) and hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH.
Double Super Phosphate (DSP)
These minerals are converted to water-soluble phosphate salts by treatment with sulfuric or phosphoric acids. The large production of sulfuric acid as an industrial chemical is primarily due to its use as cheap acid in processing phosphate rock into phosphate fertilizer. The global primary uses for both sulfur and phosphorus compounds relate to this basic process.
Single Super Phosphate (SSP)
In the nitrophosphate process or Odda process (invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved with nitric acid (HNO3) to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2). This mixture can be combined with a potassium fertilizer to produce a compound fertilizer with the three macronutrients N, P and K in easily dissolved form.
Biopesticides
Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides. Biopesticides fall into three major classes:
6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA)
Microbial pesticides which consist of bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi or viruses (and sometimes includes the metabolites that bacteria or fungi produce). Entomopathogenic nematodes are also often classed as microbial pesticides, even though they are multi-cellular.
Azoxystrobin
Biochemical pesticides or herbal pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control (or monitor in the case of pheromones) pests and microbial diseases.
Thiophanate methyl
Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) have genetic material from other species incorporated into their genetic material (i.e. GM crops). Their use is controversial, especially in many European countries.
6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA)
Microbial pesticides which consist of bacteria, entomopathogenic fungi or viruses (and sometimes includes the metabolites that bacteria or fungi produce). Entomopathogenic nematodes are also often classed as microbial pesticides, even though they are multi-cellular.
Azoxystrobin
Biochemical pesticides or herbal pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control (or monitor in the case of pheromones) pests and microbial diseases.
Thiophanate methyl
Plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs) have genetic material from other species incorporated into their genetic material (i.e. GM crops). Their use is controversial, especially in many European countries.
Clean Water for Bangladesh
Shilina Muring is a single mother who lives in Naogaon, Bangladesh. Her husband died three years ago and she could no longer afford to pay rent in her one room house, which led her and her two children to a very small village of 21 families in Naogaon.
Sodium Dichloro Isocyanurate(SDIC)
The village had no clean water. The women and their families risked waterborne diseases, insect borne diseases and skin irritation from the dirty water. Shilina’s son suffered from constant painful rashes and she worried that she would need medicine which she could not afford.
The use of chlorine dioxide
Through generous support, ERDO with The Pentecostal mother and son at wellAssemblies of Bangladesh provided a brand new deep tube well along with community education on water and hygiene to the village where Shilina and her children live.
What's chlorine dioxide tablets advantage ?
The well is in the centre of the village and everyone who lives there has access to clean, fresh drinking water. Shilina uses the fresh water for drinking, food preparation, cooking, bathing and many other household-chores. Shilina and the families in her village are very grateful for the gift of clean water and says, “it comes from God.”
Sodium Dichloro Isocyanurate(SDIC)
The village had no clean water. The women and their families risked waterborne diseases, insect borne diseases and skin irritation from the dirty water. Shilina’s son suffered from constant painful rashes and she worried that she would need medicine which she could not afford.
The use of chlorine dioxide
Through generous support, ERDO with The Pentecostal mother and son at wellAssemblies of Bangladesh provided a brand new deep tube well along with community education on water and hygiene to the village where Shilina and her children live.
What's chlorine dioxide tablets advantage ?
The well is in the centre of the village and everyone who lives there has access to clean, fresh drinking water. Shilina uses the fresh water for drinking, food preparation, cooking, bathing and many other household-chores. Shilina and the families in her village are very grateful for the gift of clean water and says, “it comes from God.”
New Handbook Offers Soil Health Guidance
Paris, France, 29 March 2017 – Experts publish best approaches for effective nutrient management in the face of climate change
A brand new handbook detailing the best ways to effectively manage nutrients on farms has been released, in an effort to help farmers achieve the triple win of boosting productivity, achieving resilience and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The new 25-page manual is co-published by the International Fertilizer Association (IFA), the World Farmers Organization (WFO) and the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA). It analyses different methods of crop nutrition and provides farmers with useful and straightforward information on how to manage nutrients efficiently. The techniques have been proven to improve soil health in the face of climate change, while meeting Sustainable Development Goal two to end hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
Potassium Sulfate (SOP)
The handbook answers critical questions such as:
Which nutrients are essential for plant growth?
Are organic or mineral fertilizers more effective?
What are the challenges of nutrient management, and how can they be tackled?
How does water interact with plant nutrients?
How can farmers apply the principles of integrated soil fertility management in a way that will lead to a “climate-smart agriculture”?
Best management practices (BMPs) for farmers and effective nutrient stewardship guiding principles are outlined as central themes throughout the handbook.
Used as agricultural fertilizer, also used to make compound fertilizer.
Charlotte Hebebrand, Director General of IFA, said: “The global fertilizer industry is committed to working with farmers both large and small, to help them improve nutrient uptake and therefore reduce environmental losses. The “4R Principles” of nutrient management - using the ‘right nutrient source’ at the ‘right rate’, at the ‘right time’ and in the ‘right place’ form the foundation of this task and are explained at length in this new guide.”
The handbook also helps farmers to establish a direct link between efficient nutrient management techniques and strategies to both mitigate and adapt to changing climatic conditions.
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN)
“The world’s farmers are on the frontline of tremendous challenges threatening the agricultural sector in the 21st Century,” comments Marco Marzano de Marinis, Secretary General of WFO. “A steep rise in the demand of food to feed a growing world population, price volatility; changing diets and the negative effects of climate change will have dramatic effects on the world’s agricultural farmlands and markets. This comprehensive, easy-to-use tool helps farmers and extension trainers to understand the positive results of converting their farming practices to climate-smart agriculture.”
A brand new handbook detailing the best ways to effectively manage nutrients on farms has been released, in an effort to help farmers achieve the triple win of boosting productivity, achieving resilience and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The new 25-page manual is co-published by the International Fertilizer Association (IFA), the World Farmers Organization (WFO) and the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA). It analyses different methods of crop nutrition and provides farmers with useful and straightforward information on how to manage nutrients efficiently. The techniques have been proven to improve soil health in the face of climate change, while meeting Sustainable Development Goal two to end hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
Potassium Sulfate (SOP)
The handbook answers critical questions such as:
Which nutrients are essential for plant growth?
Are organic or mineral fertilizers more effective?
What are the challenges of nutrient management, and how can they be tackled?
How does water interact with plant nutrients?
How can farmers apply the principles of integrated soil fertility management in a way that will lead to a “climate-smart agriculture”?
Best management practices (BMPs) for farmers and effective nutrient stewardship guiding principles are outlined as central themes throughout the handbook.
Used as agricultural fertilizer, also used to make compound fertilizer.
Charlotte Hebebrand, Director General of IFA, said: “The global fertilizer industry is committed to working with farmers both large and small, to help them improve nutrient uptake and therefore reduce environmental losses. The “4R Principles” of nutrient management - using the ‘right nutrient source’ at the ‘right rate’, at the ‘right time’ and in the ‘right place’ form the foundation of this task and are explained at length in this new guide.”
The handbook also helps farmers to establish a direct link between efficient nutrient management techniques and strategies to both mitigate and adapt to changing climatic conditions.
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN)
“The world’s farmers are on the frontline of tremendous challenges threatening the agricultural sector in the 21st Century,” comments Marco Marzano de Marinis, Secretary General of WFO. “A steep rise in the demand of food to feed a growing world population, price volatility; changing diets and the negative effects of climate change will have dramatic effects on the world’s agricultural farmlands and markets. This comprehensive, easy-to-use tool helps farmers and extension trainers to understand the positive results of converting their farming practices to climate-smart agriculture.”
Risk = ToxicityX Exposure
Low-toxicity pesticide products are labeled with a signal word of "CAUTION", rather than "WARNING" or "DANGER". No matter how toxic a pesticide may be, it's important to follow all of the label directions.
The Introduction of Ethephon
You can reduce the risk by taking steps to keep the pesticide from being touched, inhaled or eaten by anyone in your household.
Make sure your treatment works by selecting the right approach and the right product. Do your homework by learning about the pests in your area.
The Introduction of Paclobutrazol
You may be able to get free pest control advice from a Master Gardener or another local expert by calling your local Cooperative Extension Service or visiting their website. You can search for local offices and resources by clicking here.
In the United States, minimum risk pesticides do not need to be registered by the EPA. There is no list of minimum risk pesticides available, but you can look for pesticides with these active ingredients and these other/inert ingredients.
Forchlorfenuron (KT-30)
Low-risk pesticide recommendations may be available from some of the additional resources below. NPIC does not provide product recommendations.
If you have questions about this, or any pesticide-related topic, please email us at yutongjie1@gmail.com
The Introduction of Ethephon
You can reduce the risk by taking steps to keep the pesticide from being touched, inhaled or eaten by anyone in your household.
Make sure your treatment works by selecting the right approach and the right product. Do your homework by learning about the pests in your area.
The Introduction of Paclobutrazol
You may be able to get free pest control advice from a Master Gardener or another local expert by calling your local Cooperative Extension Service or visiting their website. You can search for local offices and resources by clicking here.
In the United States, minimum risk pesticides do not need to be registered by the EPA. There is no list of minimum risk pesticides available, but you can look for pesticides with these active ingredients and these other/inert ingredients.
Forchlorfenuron (KT-30)
Low-risk pesticide recommendations may be available from some of the additional resources below. NPIC does not provide product recommendations.
If you have questions about this, or any pesticide-related topic, please email us at yutongjie1@gmail.com
What Is a Food Additive?
In its broadest sense, a food additive is any substance added to food. Legally, the term refers to "any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result -- directly or indirectly -- in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food." This definition includes any substance used in the production, processing, treatment, packaging, transportation or storage of food.
Yoghurt Starter Culture
The purpose of the legal definition, however, is to impose a premarket approval requirement. Therefore, this definition excludes ingredients whose use is generally recognized as safe (where government approval is not needed), those ingredients approved for use by FDA or the U.S. Department of Agriculture prior to the food additives provisions of law, and color additives and pesticides where other legal premarket approval requirements apply.
Sucralose
Direct food additives are those that are added to a food for a specific purpose in that food. For example, xanthan gum -- used in salad dressings, chocolate milk, bakery fillings, puddings and other foods to add texture -- is a direct additive. Most direct additives are identified on the ingredient label of foods.
High Fructose Syrup
Indirect food additives are those that become part of the food in trace amounts due to its packaging, storage or other handling. For instance, minute amounts of packaging substances may find their way into foods during storage. Food packaging manufacturers must prove to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that all materials coming in contact with food are safe before they are permitted for use in such a manner.
Yoghurt Starter Culture
The purpose of the legal definition, however, is to impose a premarket approval requirement. Therefore, this definition excludes ingredients whose use is generally recognized as safe (where government approval is not needed), those ingredients approved for use by FDA or the U.S. Department of Agriculture prior to the food additives provisions of law, and color additives and pesticides where other legal premarket approval requirements apply.
Sucralose
Direct food additives are those that are added to a food for a specific purpose in that food. For example, xanthan gum -- used in salad dressings, chocolate milk, bakery fillings, puddings and other foods to add texture -- is a direct additive. Most direct additives are identified on the ingredient label of foods.
High Fructose Syrup
Indirect food additives are those that become part of the food in trace amounts due to its packaging, storage or other handling. For instance, minute amounts of packaging substances may find their way into foods during storage. Food packaging manufacturers must prove to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that all materials coming in contact with food are safe before they are permitted for use in such a manner.
What Is a Color Additive?
A color additive is any dye, pigment or substance which when added or applied to a food, drug or cosmetic, or to the human body, is capable (alone or through reactions with other substances) of imparting color. FDA is responsible for regulating all color additives to ensure that foods containing color additives are safe to eat, contain only approved ingredients and are accurately labeled.
Color additives are used in foods for many reasons: 1) to offset color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions; 2) to correct natural variations in color; 3) to enhance colors that occur naturally; and 4) to provide color to colorless and "fun" foods. Without color additives, colas wouldn't be brown, margarine wouldn't be yellow and mint ice cream wouldn't be green. Color additives are now recognized as an important part of practically all processed foods we eat.
FDA's permitted colors are classified as subject to certification or exempt from certification, both of which are subject to rigorous safety standards prior to their approval and listing for use in foods.
Certified colors are synthetically produced (or human made) and used widely because they impart an intense, uniform color, are less expensive, and blend more easily to create a variety of hues. There are nine certified color additives approved for use in the United States (e.g., FD&C Yellow No. 6. See chart for complete list.). Certified food colors generally do not add undesirable flavors to foods.
Colors that are exempt from certification include pigments derived from natural sources such as vegetables, minerals or animals. Nature derived color additives are typically more expensive than certified colors and may add unintended flavors to foods. Examples of exempt colors include annatto extract (yellow), dehydrated beets (bluish-red to brown), caramel (yellow to tan), beta-carotene (yellow to orange) and grape skin extract (red, green).
Color additives are used in foods for many reasons: 1) to offset color loss due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions; 2) to correct natural variations in color; 3) to enhance colors that occur naturally; and 4) to provide color to colorless and "fun" foods. Without color additives, colas wouldn't be brown, margarine wouldn't be yellow and mint ice cream wouldn't be green. Color additives are now recognized as an important part of practically all processed foods we eat.
FDA's permitted colors are classified as subject to certification or exempt from certification, both of which are subject to rigorous safety standards prior to their approval and listing for use in foods.
Certified colors are synthetically produced (or human made) and used widely because they impart an intense, uniform color, are less expensive, and blend more easily to create a variety of hues. There are nine certified color additives approved for use in the United States (e.g., FD&C Yellow No. 6. See chart for complete list.). Certified food colors generally do not add undesirable flavors to foods.
Colors that are exempt from certification include pigments derived from natural sources such as vegetables, minerals or animals. Nature derived color additives are typically more expensive than certified colors and may add unintended flavors to foods. Examples of exempt colors include annatto extract (yellow), dehydrated beets (bluish-red to brown), caramel (yellow to tan), beta-carotene (yellow to orange) and grape skin extract (red, green).
What You Should Know about NPK and Fertilizers
Chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers show their nutrient content with three bold numbers on the package. These numbers represent three different compounds: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potash (Potassium), which we can also describe with the letters N-P-K. The three numbers listed on fertilizer labels correspond to the percentage of these materials found in the fertilizer. What does each nutrient do? In addition to other properties, Nitrogen helps plant foliage to grow strong. Phosphorous helps roots and flowers grow and develop. Potassium (Potash) is important for overall plant health. Be aware that high nitrogen fertilizers will make for quick growth but weaker plants that are more susceptible to attacks by diseases and pests. Fast, showy growth is not necessarily the best thing for your plants.
German scientist Justus Von Liebig was responsible for the theory that Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium levels are the basis for determining healthy plant growth. However, this theory, which dates to the 1800s, doesn't take into account the dozens of other nutrients and elements that are essential to plant growth such as sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, magnesium, etc. Nor does the theory talk about the importance of beneficial soil organisms that help your plants to flourish and to fight off pests and diseases.
While Von Liebig's work was unquestionably important to the science of plant growth and agriculture, other ways of looking at how plants utilize nutrients have largely been ignored, especially by those companies who produce the chemical fertilizers commonly on the market today. For example, if you properly aerate the soil, earthworms, beneficial microbes, and other critters found underneath your garden and lawn will have better access to the oxygen they need to thrive. As they live and digest organic matter, they help to create soil that is healthy and fertile. Healthy soil is the basis for healthy plants. Additionally, if we look at nature, compost in the form of organic humus is ever present in natural plant communities, providing lots of the nutrients that plants need to grow and thrive. Compost contains Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, and a great abundance of other trace elements that will benefit your plants.
It is clear that Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium are not necessarily the most important elements you need for your plants to grow well. In fact, elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, magnesium, copper, cobalt, sodium, boron, molybdenum, and zinc are just as important to plant development as N-P-K. (Source: http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exgarhow.html) Over the years, Justus Von Liebig's theory developed into the dominant paradigm for how we grow our ornamental and edible plants. The bad news is that this has lead to a vast amount excess nutrients building up in our streams, lakes, and rivers, because chemical fertilizers are often over-applied. Surprisingly, much of this overuse of chemical fertilizers is actually from homeowners, and not from farmers, who typically carefully measure and apply the least amount of fertilizer necessary to get the job done in order to grow their crops in the most cost effective way possible.
Many homeowners who aren't growing to make a profit end up inadvertently overusing chemical fertilizers (and pesticides too!). They think that if a little bit is good, then more must be better. It isn't! According to the National Academy of Sciences, even though farmers uses pesticides more widely, homeowners uses 10 times more fertilizer per acre. If you only take away one thing from this article, please let it be that you should only use the proper amount of any fertilizer, and not anything more. This will save you money, and it will also keep your yard and garden healthier at the same time. This is extremely important with chemicals, but it also applies to organics! Organic gardeners can look to the work of Sir Albert Howard for solid research and ideas on how to grow plants more naturally. His ideas consider chemical processes that occur in nature. He then applies them to agriculture and home gardening.
German scientist Justus Von Liebig was responsible for the theory that Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium levels are the basis for determining healthy plant growth. However, this theory, which dates to the 1800s, doesn't take into account the dozens of other nutrients and elements that are essential to plant growth such as sulfur, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, magnesium, etc. Nor does the theory talk about the importance of beneficial soil organisms that help your plants to flourish and to fight off pests and diseases.
While Von Liebig's work was unquestionably important to the science of plant growth and agriculture, other ways of looking at how plants utilize nutrients have largely been ignored, especially by those companies who produce the chemical fertilizers commonly on the market today. For example, if you properly aerate the soil, earthworms, beneficial microbes, and other critters found underneath your garden and lawn will have better access to the oxygen they need to thrive. As they live and digest organic matter, they help to create soil that is healthy and fertile. Healthy soil is the basis for healthy plants. Additionally, if we look at nature, compost in the form of organic humus is ever present in natural plant communities, providing lots of the nutrients that plants need to grow and thrive. Compost contains Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, and a great abundance of other trace elements that will benefit your plants.
It is clear that Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium are not necessarily the most important elements you need for your plants to grow well. In fact, elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, magnesium, copper, cobalt, sodium, boron, molybdenum, and zinc are just as important to plant development as N-P-K. (Source: http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exgarhow.html) Over the years, Justus Von Liebig's theory developed into the dominant paradigm for how we grow our ornamental and edible plants. The bad news is that this has lead to a vast amount excess nutrients building up in our streams, lakes, and rivers, because chemical fertilizers are often over-applied. Surprisingly, much of this overuse of chemical fertilizers is actually from homeowners, and not from farmers, who typically carefully measure and apply the least amount of fertilizer necessary to get the job done in order to grow their crops in the most cost effective way possible.
Many homeowners who aren't growing to make a profit end up inadvertently overusing chemical fertilizers (and pesticides too!). They think that if a little bit is good, then more must be better. It isn't! According to the National Academy of Sciences, even though farmers uses pesticides more widely, homeowners uses 10 times more fertilizer per acre. If you only take away one thing from this article, please let it be that you should only use the proper amount of any fertilizer, and not anything more. This will save you money, and it will also keep your yard and garden healthier at the same time. This is extremely important with chemicals, but it also applies to organics! Organic gardeners can look to the work of Sir Albert Howard for solid research and ideas on how to grow plants more naturally. His ideas consider chemical processes that occur in nature. He then applies them to agriculture and home gardening.
Pesticide residue on fruits and veggies tied to infertility
(Reuters Health) - Women who eat more fruits and vegetables with high levels of pesticide residue may be less likely to get pregnant than women whose diets don’t include a lot of this type of produce, a U.S. study suggests.
Researchers examined data on eating habits and pregnancy outcomes for 325 women who went through a total of 541 cycles of fertility treatments at a clinic in Boston. Overall, 228 of the fertility treatment cycles resulted in a live birth.
Based on women’s responses to dietary questionnaires, researchers ranked their pesticide residue exposure from fruits and veggies into five groups, from lowest to highest.
Compared with women who ate the lowest amounts of fruits and vegetables with high levels of pesticide residue – less than one serving a day – women who ate the highest amounts of these foods – more than two servings a day – were 18 percent less likely to have a baby.
“We already knew that women occupationally exposed to pesticides and women exposed to pesticides used in agriculture by virtue of living in or near agricultural production areas experience greater risk of infertility, pregnancy loss and other adverse reproductive outcomes,” said senior study author Dr. Jorge Chavarro, of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.
“Our study is the first to show that exposure to low doses of pesticide residues, such as those achieved by consuming conventionally grown fruits and vegetables, may also have adverse health effects,” Chavarro said by email. “This was actually very surprising to me.”
Women in the study were 35 years old on average. Most were white and had at least a college education. They all underwent fertility treatments between 2007 and 2016.
There didn’t appear to be a problem with fertilization or embryos implanting in the uterus based on what women ate, but eating more fruits and vegetables with high levels of pesticide residue was associated with an increased risk of miscarriages early in pregnancy.
Replacing one serving day of fruits and veggies with high levels of pesticide residue with different, lower-pesticide options could boost the odds of pregnancy by 79 percent and the chances of a live birth by 88 percent, researchers estimated.
Foods with high levels of pesticide residue can include apples, kale, strawberries and raw spinach. Low-pesticide produce includes avocados, corn and bananas.
Washing produce won’t reduce pesticide exposure, Chavarro said. But buying organic fruits and vegetables makes sense for foods that typically have high levels of pesticide residue, he said.
One limitation of the study is it only included women undergoing fertility treatment, so the results might be different for a broader population of couples trying to conceive, the authors note. Researchers also relied on women to accurately recall and report on what they ate.
More research is needed to confirm the study results in larger groups of women, and also to understand how exposure to pesticide residue on foods impacts fertility and pregnancy, said Tracey Woodruff, a reproductive health researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who wasn’t involved in the study.
“This is a very important study, because there is a portion of infertility that is ‘unexplained,’ but that just means we don’t know what are the risk factors, and the contribution of environmental pollutants, including pesticides, has not been sufficiently studied,” Woodruff said by email. “And pollutants, like pesticides, could be contributing to these ‘unexplained’ fertility problems.”
In the meantime, women can take steps to avoid pesticide exposure, said Dr. Philip Landrigan, author of an accompanying editorial and a researcher at the Arnhold Institute for Global Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York.
This includes eating organic as much as possible, and washing fruits and vegetables, he said by email.
“Avoid using pesticides within homes or on lawns and gardens,” Landrigan added. “Join with friends and neighbors to urge reduction in pesticide use in schools, parks, playing fields an other areas used by children and pregnant women.”
Researchers examined data on eating habits and pregnancy outcomes for 325 women who went through a total of 541 cycles of fertility treatments at a clinic in Boston. Overall, 228 of the fertility treatment cycles resulted in a live birth.
Based on women’s responses to dietary questionnaires, researchers ranked their pesticide residue exposure from fruits and veggies into five groups, from lowest to highest.
Compared with women who ate the lowest amounts of fruits and vegetables with high levels of pesticide residue – less than one serving a day – women who ate the highest amounts of these foods – more than two servings a day – were 18 percent less likely to have a baby.
“We already knew that women occupationally exposed to pesticides and women exposed to pesticides used in agriculture by virtue of living in or near agricultural production areas experience greater risk of infertility, pregnancy loss and other adverse reproductive outcomes,” said senior study author Dr. Jorge Chavarro, of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.
“Our study is the first to show that exposure to low doses of pesticide residues, such as those achieved by consuming conventionally grown fruits and vegetables, may also have adverse health effects,” Chavarro said by email. “This was actually very surprising to me.”
Women in the study were 35 years old on average. Most were white and had at least a college education. They all underwent fertility treatments between 2007 and 2016.
There didn’t appear to be a problem with fertilization or embryos implanting in the uterus based on what women ate, but eating more fruits and vegetables with high levels of pesticide residue was associated with an increased risk of miscarriages early in pregnancy.
Replacing one serving day of fruits and veggies with high levels of pesticide residue with different, lower-pesticide options could boost the odds of pregnancy by 79 percent and the chances of a live birth by 88 percent, researchers estimated.
Foods with high levels of pesticide residue can include apples, kale, strawberries and raw spinach. Low-pesticide produce includes avocados, corn and bananas.
Washing produce won’t reduce pesticide exposure, Chavarro said. But buying organic fruits and vegetables makes sense for foods that typically have high levels of pesticide residue, he said.
One limitation of the study is it only included women undergoing fertility treatment, so the results might be different for a broader population of couples trying to conceive, the authors note. Researchers also relied on women to accurately recall and report on what they ate.
More research is needed to confirm the study results in larger groups of women, and also to understand how exposure to pesticide residue on foods impacts fertility and pregnancy, said Tracey Woodruff, a reproductive health researcher at the University of California, San Francisco, who wasn’t involved in the study.
“This is a very important study, because there is a portion of infertility that is ‘unexplained,’ but that just means we don’t know what are the risk factors, and the contribution of environmental pollutants, including pesticides, has not been sufficiently studied,” Woodruff said by email. “And pollutants, like pesticides, could be contributing to these ‘unexplained’ fertility problems.”
In the meantime, women can take steps to avoid pesticide exposure, said Dr. Philip Landrigan, author of an accompanying editorial and a researcher at the Arnhold Institute for Global Health at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York.
This includes eating organic as much as possible, and washing fruits and vegetables, he said by email.
“Avoid using pesticides within homes or on lawns and gardens,” Landrigan added. “Join with friends and neighbors to urge reduction in pesticide use in schools, parks, playing fields an other areas used by children and pregnant women.”
Non-drinking Water Guide – Microbiological and Chemical
SA Water is committed to managing our water supplies to ensure the protection of your health. This guide will help you understand how to safely use your non‐drinking water supply. The following information relates to human health only.
SA Water wishes to remind you that your mains water supply is not treated or disinfected. Your water supply may contain harmful microorganisms and natural chemicals. This means it may not conform to the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines and microbial and chemical quality may exceed guideline values.
SA Health advises that your water is not suitable for drinking, food preparation or teeth cleaning. Boiling the water will not reduce the chemical concentrations in your water supply.
What you need to know:
Do not use mains water for drinking, food preparation and cleaning teeth.
Do not connect your mains supply pipes to your drinking water source, e.g. rainwater tank.
Advise visitors to your home about the precautions required when using mains water.
Install and maintain signs specifying "WATER NOT SUITABLE FOR DRINKING" at all publicly accessible taps connected to mains water for which you are responsible. SA Water can provide signs or stickers upon request.
Landlords must provide a copy of this guide to their tenants.
Following these measures will also mitigate the health risks associated with the microorganism Naegleria fowleri, which may be present in your water supply:
Avoid swallowing water or allowing water to go up your nose e.g. when showering, bathing or through use of sinus irrigation products. Children should avoid swallowing water or getting water up their nose during bath time or water play activities including the use of garden hoses.
If mains water is used in children’s paddling pools, do not leave in pool for more than 24 hours.
If mains water is used in swimming pools, it should be properly disinfected with a product such as chlorine to limit the microbiological risks. Visit www.sawater.com.au to check requirements for permits under current Water Wise Measures.
The temperature of hot water system storages should be set at 60ºC or higher (applies to storage systems only, not instantaneous hot water systems). Care should be taken to avoid scalding.
We will continue to monitor water quality and can provide updated information about your mains water quality via our Customer Service Centre on 1300 650 950.
This notice typically relates to water supplies in non‐urban areas. If you think you have received this notification in error, please call our Customer Service Centre to confirm before incurring any additional costs associated with using your water service in the ways set out in this document.
SA Water wishes to remind you that your mains water supply is not treated or disinfected. Your water supply may contain harmful microorganisms and natural chemicals. This means it may not conform to the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines and microbial and chemical quality may exceed guideline values.
SA Health advises that your water is not suitable for drinking, food preparation or teeth cleaning. Boiling the water will not reduce the chemical concentrations in your water supply.
What you need to know:
Do not use mains water for drinking, food preparation and cleaning teeth.
Do not connect your mains supply pipes to your drinking water source, e.g. rainwater tank.
Advise visitors to your home about the precautions required when using mains water.
Install and maintain signs specifying "WATER NOT SUITABLE FOR DRINKING" at all publicly accessible taps connected to mains water for which you are responsible. SA Water can provide signs or stickers upon request.
Landlords must provide a copy of this guide to their tenants.
Following these measures will also mitigate the health risks associated with the microorganism Naegleria fowleri, which may be present in your water supply:
Avoid swallowing water or allowing water to go up your nose e.g. when showering, bathing or through use of sinus irrigation products. Children should avoid swallowing water or getting water up their nose during bath time or water play activities including the use of garden hoses.
If mains water is used in children’s paddling pools, do not leave in pool for more than 24 hours.
If mains water is used in swimming pools, it should be properly disinfected with a product such as chlorine to limit the microbiological risks. Visit www.sawater.com.au to check requirements for permits under current Water Wise Measures.
The temperature of hot water system storages should be set at 60ºC or higher (applies to storage systems only, not instantaneous hot water systems). Care should be taken to avoid scalding.
We will continue to monitor water quality and can provide updated information about your mains water quality via our Customer Service Centre on 1300 650 950.
This notice typically relates to water supplies in non‐urban areas. If you think you have received this notification in error, please call our Customer Service Centre to confirm before incurring any additional costs associated with using your water service in the ways set out in this document.
2019年8月29日星期四
Activated Sludge Treatment of Refining Sludge Wastewater
The activated sludge method was used to treat the alkali residue wastewater after pretreatment in a refinery. The activated sludge was domestically acclimated with the target wastewater as the carbon source, and then the domesticated alkali sludge was treated with domesticated activated sludge to reduce its COD (chemical oxygen demand) value. The experimental results show that the biochemical treatment of activated sludge has a significant reduction effect on the COD value of the alkali residue wastewater. Under the conditions of hydraulic retention time of 24 h, the average removal rate of COD is up to 76% and the volume load is about 0.7 kg COD / (m3 • d). After 10 days of operation, the total COD removal rate can reach about 74% Water quality reached the national emission standards (GB 8978-1996).
Refining caustic soda wastewater is the waste caustic soda generated during the alkaline scrubbing of petroleum products during the oil refining process. The main components are Na2S, mercaptans, thioethers, thiophenes, phenols, quinones and naphthenic acids, which are difficult to handle in high concentration organic One of the waste water. At present, researchers use a variety of treatment technologies based on the characteristics of industrial wastewater, including high-temperature wet oxidation and mild wet air oxidation. The United States Zimpro company first developed a wet air oxidation of industrial applications, and its application in the treatment of harmful petrochemical waste and waste. The process of organic and sulfide treatment efficiency, but the reactor requirements (high temperature, high pressure).
This kind of wet oxidation technology has a good effect on wastewater treatment, but requires large equipment investment and high energy consumption, which can not completely mineralize nitrogenous compounds and PCBs, thus limiting its wide application. Wright Chemical Company for many years and South Korea SK Group Institute of Biological Experimentation, SK will be highly efficient biological treatment technology used in the treatment of high-concentration caustic wastewater, the creation of the Wright bio-technology. This process has high adaptability to changes of pollutant concentration, poison concentration and salinity in wastewater.
However, the phenomenon of temperature increase during the operation of the process is obvious, which will seriously reduce the oxygen-dissolving capacity of the muddy water mixture in the reactor and reduce the microbial activity. Han Jianhua on the wet oxidation of sulfur-containing refinery caustic sludge made in-depth study, put forward a 'mitigation of wet oxidation deodorization - acid recovery of phenol or naphthenic acid - SBR process (treatment of alkali residue waste water process, and in 1998, in Shanghai A petrochemical enterprise has designed an industrial pilot plant which can effectively oxidize the organic sulfides and inorganic sulfides in spent lye to eliminate sulfuric acid and eliminate the stench gas emissions from the further treatment of the spent lye.However, Moderate wet oxidation has the disadvantages of incomplete treatment and harsh equipment requirements, but also because of excessively high temperature, carbon residue easily causes the pressure in the reactor and seriously affects the normal operation of the treatment device. Biological treatment of organic wastewater is convenient and fast, Mild, low energy consumption, less investment, no catalyst addition and operational safety, etc., get the general attention of researchers.
Alkali residue COD in the water generally tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands
Because of its complex composition, contains many refractory organic matter, therefore, it is necessary to explore a new method of deep treatment of alkali-based wastewater treatment plant. In this experiment, the activated sludge was domestically acclimated with the wastewater to be treated as the carbon source, and its effect on the treatment effect of alkali-based wastewater from refineries was investigated.
Refining caustic soda wastewater is the waste caustic soda generated during the alkaline scrubbing of petroleum products during the oil refining process. The main components are Na2S, mercaptans, thioethers, thiophenes, phenols, quinones and naphthenic acids, which are difficult to handle in high concentration organic One of the waste water. At present, researchers use a variety of treatment technologies based on the characteristics of industrial wastewater, including high-temperature wet oxidation and mild wet air oxidation. The United States Zimpro company first developed a wet air oxidation of industrial applications, and its application in the treatment of harmful petrochemical waste and waste. The process of organic and sulfide treatment efficiency, but the reactor requirements (high temperature, high pressure).
This kind of wet oxidation technology has a good effect on wastewater treatment, but requires large equipment investment and high energy consumption, which can not completely mineralize nitrogenous compounds and PCBs, thus limiting its wide application. Wright Chemical Company for many years and South Korea SK Group Institute of Biological Experimentation, SK will be highly efficient biological treatment technology used in the treatment of high-concentration caustic wastewater, the creation of the Wright bio-technology. This process has high adaptability to changes of pollutant concentration, poison concentration and salinity in wastewater.
However, the phenomenon of temperature increase during the operation of the process is obvious, which will seriously reduce the oxygen-dissolving capacity of the muddy water mixture in the reactor and reduce the microbial activity. Han Jianhua on the wet oxidation of sulfur-containing refinery caustic sludge made in-depth study, put forward a 'mitigation of wet oxidation deodorization - acid recovery of phenol or naphthenic acid - SBR process (treatment of alkali residue waste water process, and in 1998, in Shanghai A petrochemical enterprise has designed an industrial pilot plant which can effectively oxidize the organic sulfides and inorganic sulfides in spent lye to eliminate sulfuric acid and eliminate the stench gas emissions from the further treatment of the spent lye.However, Moderate wet oxidation has the disadvantages of incomplete treatment and harsh equipment requirements, but also because of excessively high temperature, carbon residue easily causes the pressure in the reactor and seriously affects the normal operation of the treatment device. Biological treatment of organic wastewater is convenient and fast, Mild, low energy consumption, less investment, no catalyst addition and operational safety, etc., get the general attention of researchers.
Alkali residue COD in the water generally tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands
Because of its complex composition, contains many refractory organic matter, therefore, it is necessary to explore a new method of deep treatment of alkali-based wastewater treatment plant. In this experiment, the activated sludge was domestically acclimated with the wastewater to be treated as the carbon source, and its effect on the treatment effect of alkali-based wastewater from refineries was investigated.
Vegetable stubble fertilization should be so!
The current is the peak of spring stubble for vegetables. Compared with the summer vegetable stubble, winter vegetable stubble time is short, more adverse environment, so there are many problems after stubble. As successive years of planting, a large number of fertilizers, greenhouse eutrophication is more serious, and some farmers to buy fertilizer and fertilizers not be properly, resulting in changes in soil physical properties, have an adverse effect on the growth of vegetables. So, here are some suggestions to growers:
one
Plow the bottom must be broken
As a result of year-round cultivation, the use of rotary tillers and other machinery to turn the ground, in 25 cm below the top of a plow layer formed. The plow bottom humus significantly reduced, bulk density, total porosity and multi-capillary pores, resulting in poor soil permeability, poor water permeability, roots under the tie difficult. Due to the existence of plow bottom, all kinds of fertilizers are mostly concentrated in about 20 cm of topsoil, making the topsoil eutrophic. As the water is difficult to penetrate below the plow floor, and easy to guide the capillary water to carry more minerals to rise, easily lead to the emergence of salinization.
Therefore, in the stubble when the depth of more than 25 cm can be used deep plowing machines, such as plows, ditching machines, deep turn machine and so on. Plow bottom to break the distribution of more uniform fertilizer, good soil permeability conducive to deep roots tie. At the same time, a large amount of fertilizer is also avoided to make the surface of the soil eutrophic. When watering, the soil can carry more nutrients into the deep soil, which can guide root growth downward and increase soil permeability on the other hand.
Two
Do not rely too much on potash
In recent years, the soil testing situation, the content of potassium in soil is gradually increased, at present, some of the greenhouse potassium content has been a serious overweight, which is very unfavorable for the growth of vegetables. Therefore, after testing has found that excessive levels of potassium soil, it is not appropriate to use potassium fertilizer.
Although beneficial to the expansion of potassium fruit potassium, but does not mean that the more potassium fertilizer, the faster fruit expansion, the higher the yield, but will also seriously reduce the yield. Potassium fertilizer seriously affect the soil in the trace elements in the movement and absorption, such as calcium and magnesium ions. The soil types in the north are mainly calcareous soil. This type of soil is rich in calcium and magnesium ions, including in groundwater. Therefore, the soil is not deficient in calcium and magnesium ions, but vegetables are often caused by calcium deficiency magnesium Rotten head, yellow head, umbilical rot and so on. This shows that the excess potassium ions in the soil have a great influence on the calcium and magnesium. It is suggested that if farmers have exceeded the standard of potash after soil testing, they should not use potash fertilizer in large quantities. Rather, it is to consider how to remove excess potassium from the soil either from the soil or activate it for root absorption.
three
Be careful with soil conditioner
In many vegetable growing areas, soil conditioner sold very much, of course, this is inseparable from the business promotion. Soil conditioner mainly based on steel slag phosphate fertilizer, which is an alkaline fertilizer for acid soil has a good improvement effect, at the same time be able to add elements such as calcium and magnesium. So is not all the greenhouse soil can use soil conditioner it?
the answer is negative. Data show that suitable for vegetable growth in soil pH more than 6.0 to 7.5, if the pH is less than 6, you need to use appropriate alkaline fertilizer to adjust. Most of the northern calcareous soil, planting vegetables generally do not appear when the soil acidification.
Therefore, according to the actual situation of the soil to choose to use soil conditioner. If the alkalinity fertilizers, such as steel slag and phosphate fertilizer, are continuously used in the calcareous soil with weak alkalinity, it will inevitably lead to alkalization of the soil. If excessive nitrogen fertilizer is used in the alkaline soil, a large amount of ammonia gas is easily generated, resulting in gas damage.
Four
Ditch Shi, points Shi manure to be cautious
Vegetable stubble, the best method of application of base fertilizer is to use the whole shed and deep plowing, and many places there are still ditch Shi, points and other fertilization methods. Ditch Shi, points fertilizers have nutrient concentration, long supply time and other benefits, but fertilization methods to pay attention.
The first is where fertilizers are applied. Ditch Shi, hole fertilizers to maintain a certain distance with the root system, do not use the fertilizer just below the root system, although the nutrient concentration but not conducive to the root of the bar. Followed by for ditch facilities, fertilizer facilities to choose good. Manure must be thoroughly decomposed to avoid burned root rot in the soil fermentation. Organic fertilizer to choose good quality brand, so as not to choose a bad quality burnout.
one
Plow the bottom must be broken
As a result of year-round cultivation, the use of rotary tillers and other machinery to turn the ground, in 25 cm below the top of a plow layer formed. The plow bottom humus significantly reduced, bulk density, total porosity and multi-capillary pores, resulting in poor soil permeability, poor water permeability, roots under the tie difficult. Due to the existence of plow bottom, all kinds of fertilizers are mostly concentrated in about 20 cm of topsoil, making the topsoil eutrophic. As the water is difficult to penetrate below the plow floor, and easy to guide the capillary water to carry more minerals to rise, easily lead to the emergence of salinization.
Therefore, in the stubble when the depth of more than 25 cm can be used deep plowing machines, such as plows, ditching machines, deep turn machine and so on. Plow bottom to break the distribution of more uniform fertilizer, good soil permeability conducive to deep roots tie. At the same time, a large amount of fertilizer is also avoided to make the surface of the soil eutrophic. When watering, the soil can carry more nutrients into the deep soil, which can guide root growth downward and increase soil permeability on the other hand.
Two
Do not rely too much on potash
In recent years, the soil testing situation, the content of potassium in soil is gradually increased, at present, some of the greenhouse potassium content has been a serious overweight, which is very unfavorable for the growth of vegetables. Therefore, after testing has found that excessive levels of potassium soil, it is not appropriate to use potassium fertilizer.
Although beneficial to the expansion of potassium fruit potassium, but does not mean that the more potassium fertilizer, the faster fruit expansion, the higher the yield, but will also seriously reduce the yield. Potassium fertilizer seriously affect the soil in the trace elements in the movement and absorption, such as calcium and magnesium ions. The soil types in the north are mainly calcareous soil. This type of soil is rich in calcium and magnesium ions, including in groundwater. Therefore, the soil is not deficient in calcium and magnesium ions, but vegetables are often caused by calcium deficiency magnesium Rotten head, yellow head, umbilical rot and so on. This shows that the excess potassium ions in the soil have a great influence on the calcium and magnesium. It is suggested that if farmers have exceeded the standard of potash after soil testing, they should not use potash fertilizer in large quantities. Rather, it is to consider how to remove excess potassium from the soil either from the soil or activate it for root absorption.
three
Be careful with soil conditioner
In many vegetable growing areas, soil conditioner sold very much, of course, this is inseparable from the business promotion. Soil conditioner mainly based on steel slag phosphate fertilizer, which is an alkaline fertilizer for acid soil has a good improvement effect, at the same time be able to add elements such as calcium and magnesium. So is not all the greenhouse soil can use soil conditioner it?
the answer is negative. Data show that suitable for vegetable growth in soil pH more than 6.0 to 7.5, if the pH is less than 6, you need to use appropriate alkaline fertilizer to adjust. Most of the northern calcareous soil, planting vegetables generally do not appear when the soil acidification.
Therefore, according to the actual situation of the soil to choose to use soil conditioner. If the alkalinity fertilizers, such as steel slag and phosphate fertilizer, are continuously used in the calcareous soil with weak alkalinity, it will inevitably lead to alkalization of the soil. If excessive nitrogen fertilizer is used in the alkaline soil, a large amount of ammonia gas is easily generated, resulting in gas damage.
Four
Ditch Shi, points Shi manure to be cautious
Vegetable stubble, the best method of application of base fertilizer is to use the whole shed and deep plowing, and many places there are still ditch Shi, points and other fertilization methods. Ditch Shi, points fertilizers have nutrient concentration, long supply time and other benefits, but fertilization methods to pay attention.
The first is where fertilizers are applied. Ditch Shi, hole fertilizers to maintain a certain distance with the root system, do not use the fertilizer just below the root system, although the nutrient concentration but not conducive to the root of the bar. Followed by for ditch facilities, fertilizer facilities to choose good. Manure must be thoroughly decomposed to avoid burned root rot in the soil fermentation. Organic fertilizer to choose good quality brand, so as not to choose a bad quality burnout.
Winter jujube winter management measures
Deep turn fertilization
Winter jujube harvest after deep soil treatment required to improve the physical and chemical structure of the soil to promote the expansion of deep-rooted tree roots, destruction of the field environment for the growth of pests and diseases, reduce the source of pests and enhance the tree vigor. Deep turning can be combined with the base fertilizer at the same time, mainly organic fertilizers, according to the soil fertility and jujube tree growth situation, as appropriate, supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, with the foliar spray photosynthetic nutrient fertilizer to help plants absorb large amounts of light , Light energy, light, nutrients supply plant growth and development to the limit. Water should be drenched in time after fertilization, after irrigation planted hoe moisture, to ensure the safety of fruit trees wintering.
Trim plastic
Winter Jujube plastic trimming methods are mainly slowing, thinning, short cut, shrinking, etc., to remove the dense branches, overlapping branches, pest branches, in order to maintain good ventilation and ventilation of the jujube bore, prompting the germination of new branches. Trimming wounds in time to spread callus anti-corrosion film to protect the wound healing faster isolation of germs infection.
Qingyuan antifreeze
Jujube tree bark cracks are overwintering pests breeding sites, so the winter clearing garden need to remove the old Alice, the complete removal of garden fruit, rotten fruit, weeds, etc., brought together outside the field burned or buried deep, can be effective Kill the park overwintering pests and diseases. And in the trunk and branches of the white coating, the whole park spraying tree generals to anti-frost anti-frost to protect the flower buds over the winter from frostbite, the implant does not dry tip
Winter jujube harvest after deep soil treatment required to improve the physical and chemical structure of the soil to promote the expansion of deep-rooted tree roots, destruction of the field environment for the growth of pests and diseases, reduce the source of pests and enhance the tree vigor. Deep turning can be combined with the base fertilizer at the same time, mainly organic fertilizers, according to the soil fertility and jujube tree growth situation, as appropriate, supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, with the foliar spray photosynthetic nutrient fertilizer to help plants absorb large amounts of light , Light energy, light, nutrients supply plant growth and development to the limit. Water should be drenched in time after fertilization, after irrigation planted hoe moisture, to ensure the safety of fruit trees wintering.
Trim plastic
Winter Jujube plastic trimming methods are mainly slowing, thinning, short cut, shrinking, etc., to remove the dense branches, overlapping branches, pest branches, in order to maintain good ventilation and ventilation of the jujube bore, prompting the germination of new branches. Trimming wounds in time to spread callus anti-corrosion film to protect the wound healing faster isolation of germs infection.
Qingyuan antifreeze
Jujube tree bark cracks are overwintering pests breeding sites, so the winter clearing garden need to remove the old Alice, the complete removal of garden fruit, rotten fruit, weeds, etc., brought together outside the field burned or buried deep, can be effective Kill the park overwintering pests and diseases. And in the trunk and branches of the white coating, the whole park spraying tree generals to anti-frost anti-frost to protect the flower buds over the winter from frostbite, the implant does not dry tip
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to prevent diseases in fruit trees
Fruit trees
However, many farmers often tend to chase only nitrogenous fertilizers (such as urea and high-nitrogen compound fertilizers) during the Spring Festival, neglecting the application and supplement of phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, from the physiological needs of fruit trees and disease prevention technology, it is necessary to replenish the appropriate amount of P and K fertilizer 2-3 times in advance.
Phosphorus and potassium are good medicine for disease resistance of fruit trees. Proper application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can not only effectively prevent and control physiological diseases of fruit trees, but also prevent and control infectious diseases. Many diseases of fruit trees can be reduced by the application of phosphorus and potassium. Test data show that per mu (667 square meters) applied 25-40 kilograms of superphosphate, potassium chloride orchards of 5 kg, the incidence of rust fruit rust control effect is not less than the liquid Seoul.
The main reason that phosphorus and potassium can prevent physiological diseases of fruit trees is that some physiological diseases are caused by insufficient supply of phosphorus and potassium. Phosphorus and potassium can make fruit bark, cells harden, pathogenic bacteria and viruses inaccessible. At the same time, phosphorus can promote the absorption of silicon in fruit trees and enhance the disease resistance of fruit trees.
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied to fruit trees
Fruit trees after the application of phosphorus, potash, the stem hard, better able to withstand adverse environmental conditions, effectively resist the infection of pathogens outside, so that the incidence of fruit trees reduced. In addition, phosphorus can also promote the respiration and oxidation of fruit trees to strengthen, when the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms in fruit trees, can produce some toxins to pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) toxin. After the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can also make diseased fruit trees to reduce the extent of water loss, compensation for pathogenic microorganisms caused by damage to nutrition and water loss in order to improve disease resistance.
Phosphorus, potassium, although a large number of essential elements of fruit trees and disease-resistant medicine, but not to cast as much as possible. If applied too much, resulting in waste, the growth and development of fruit trees also have a negative impact. If too much phosphorus is applied, it inhibits the absorption of certain trace elements (such as zinc, etc.) in the fruit tree, resulting in underdeveloped roots, reduced branches and a large amount of dead fruit.
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to prevent diseases in fruit trees
Therefore, in the mode of fertilization, selection of varieties, the amount of application, should be based on different varieties of fruit trees, different ages, different soil and other specific circumstances, to take the bottom facilities, top dressing, spraying different ways to choose varieties of diammonium phosphate, Calcium, potassium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium humate is excellent. Application due to age, amount of fruit to determine. The general application of high-quality phosphate 20-40 kg per acre, potassium 7-8 kg; foliar application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1% -3% of the better, the choice of pre-and post-flowering spray 2-3 times, 7 -10 days to conduct.
The above is the method of application of P and P for fruit tree disease prevention, fruit and fruit friends can refer to the above methods, combined with the actual planting situation, the scientific application of phosphorus and potassium to fruit trees.
However, many farmers often tend to chase only nitrogenous fertilizers (such as urea and high-nitrogen compound fertilizers) during the Spring Festival, neglecting the application and supplement of phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, from the physiological needs of fruit trees and disease prevention technology, it is necessary to replenish the appropriate amount of P and K fertilizer 2-3 times in advance.
Phosphorus and potassium are good medicine for disease resistance of fruit trees. Proper application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can not only effectively prevent and control physiological diseases of fruit trees, but also prevent and control infectious diseases. Many diseases of fruit trees can be reduced by the application of phosphorus and potassium. Test data show that per mu (667 square meters) applied 25-40 kilograms of superphosphate, potassium chloride orchards of 5 kg, the incidence of rust fruit rust control effect is not less than the liquid Seoul.
The main reason that phosphorus and potassium can prevent physiological diseases of fruit trees is that some physiological diseases are caused by insufficient supply of phosphorus and potassium. Phosphorus and potassium can make fruit bark, cells harden, pathogenic bacteria and viruses inaccessible. At the same time, phosphorus can promote the absorption of silicon in fruit trees and enhance the disease resistance of fruit trees.
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer applied to fruit trees
Fruit trees after the application of phosphorus, potash, the stem hard, better able to withstand adverse environmental conditions, effectively resist the infection of pathogens outside, so that the incidence of fruit trees reduced. In addition, phosphorus can also promote the respiration and oxidation of fruit trees to strengthen, when the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms in fruit trees, can produce some toxins to pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria) toxin. After the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can also make diseased fruit trees to reduce the extent of water loss, compensation for pathogenic microorganisms caused by damage to nutrition and water loss in order to improve disease resistance.
Phosphorus, potassium, although a large number of essential elements of fruit trees and disease-resistant medicine, but not to cast as much as possible. If applied too much, resulting in waste, the growth and development of fruit trees also have a negative impact. If too much phosphorus is applied, it inhibits the absorption of certain trace elements (such as zinc, etc.) in the fruit tree, resulting in underdeveloped roots, reduced branches and a large amount of dead fruit.
Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to prevent diseases in fruit trees
Therefore, in the mode of fertilization, selection of varieties, the amount of application, should be based on different varieties of fruit trees, different ages, different soil and other specific circumstances, to take the bottom facilities, top dressing, spraying different ways to choose varieties of diammonium phosphate, Calcium, potassium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium humate is excellent. Application due to age, amount of fruit to determine. The general application of high-quality phosphate 20-40 kg per acre, potassium 7-8 kg; foliar application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1% -3% of the better, the choice of pre-and post-flowering spray 2-3 times, 7 -10 days to conduct.
The above is the method of application of P and P for fruit tree disease prevention, fruit and fruit friends can refer to the above methods, combined with the actual planting situation, the scientific application of phosphorus and potassium to fruit trees.
How to use carbendazim
Carbendi is a broad-spectrum fungicide, the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by a variety of crops by fungi (such as semi-known bacteria, multiple ascomycetes), can be used for foliar spray, seed treatment and soil treatment, the following Guizhou Xiaobian for your simple introduction to the use of carbendazim!
1, control of wheat scab: spraying the first drug in the first flowering, spraying the second drug after 5 to 7 days. Each time hectare with 25% carbendazim wettable powder 300O grams of goods, or with 4O% carbendazim WP 1875 grams, or with 50% carbendazim WP 1500 grams, or with 80% Carbendazim wettable powder product volume 937.5 grams (active ingredient 75O grams), you can also use 40% Carbendazim suspending agent product volume 937.5 grams (375 grams active ingredient), add water 750 liters, stir evenly spray.
2, prevention and control of rice blast: leaf blast, when found in the center of the field or acute type spot when the first drug spray, and then spraying once every 7 days. Prevention and treatment of rice blast, in the rice breach and heading stage spraying 1 times. Each hectare with 25% carbendazim wettable powder product volume of 3000 grams, or with 4O% carbendazim WP 1875 grams, or 50% carbendazim WP 150O grams of goods, or use 8O% Carbendazim WP 937.5 grams (750 grams active ingredient), you can also use 40% Carbendazim suspension agent product volume 937.5 grams (375 grams active ingredient), add water 1050 liters, stir evenly spray.
3, Prevention and control of rice sheath blight: In the early stage of disease or young panicle formation to booting spraying, every 7 days and then spraying 1, each with 25% per hectare Carbendazim WP 3,000 grams of goods , Or with 40% carbendazim WP 1875 grams of goods, or with 50% carbendazim WP 1500 grams, or with 80% carbendazim WP 937.5 grams (active ingredient 750 grams ), You can also use 4O% Carbendazim suspension agent product volume 937.5 grams (375 grams active ingredient), add water 1050 liters, stir evenly spray, focusing on spraying rice stems.
4, the prevention and treatment of cotton seedling disease: seed dressing control cotton blight, anthracnose, per 100 kg of cotton seeds with 25% carbendazim WP 2000 g, or 40% carbendazim WP products Amount of 1250 grams, or with 50% carbendazim wettable powder product quantity 1000 g, or with 80% carbendazim wettable powder product quantity 625 g (active ingredient 500 g) seed dressing. You can also use the soaking method, each 1O0 liters of water plus 40% Carbendazim Suspension 750 grams of merchandise (300 grams of active ingredient), stir evenly soaked cotton seed solution to be more than the surface, soaking time is 24 hours.
5, prevention and treatment of sclerotinia sclerotiorum: the rape Sheng flowering and flowering of the spray 1, each with 25% per hectare carbendazim wettable powder product size 4500 ~ 6800 grams, or 40% carbendazim can be Wet goods, commercial volume of 28125 ~ 4250 grams, or with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 2250 ~ 3400 grams of goods, or with 80% carbendazim wettable powder 1406.25 ~ 2125 grams of product (active ingredient 1125 ~ 1700 grams) , 40% carbendazim suspending agent can also be used in commercial quantities 2812.5 ~ 3750 grams (active ingredient 1125 ~ 1500 grams), add water 1050 liters, stir evenly spray.
6, peanut blight, stalk rot, root rot prevention and control: before sowing, 100 kg of peanut seeds with 25% carbendazim WP 1000 to 20O0 grams, or 40% carbendazim wettable Dosage of 625 ~ 1250 grams of powder, or with 50% carbendazim 500 to 1000 grams of product, or with 80% of carbendazim wettable powder 312.5 to 625 grams of product (active ingredient 250 to 500 grams) seed dressing. Seed dressing can be peanut seeds soak for 24 hours or the seeds wet with water, and then seed according to the amount of seed dressing.
7. Pear scythetic disease prevention and control: In the pear sprout spray the first drug, after falling spray the second drug, after the decision according to the condition of the development of spraying times, the general spraying 3 to 4 times, each interval Period of 7 to 10 days. Each with 25% carbendazim WP 250 to 500 times, or with 40% carbendazim WP 400 to 80O times, or with 50% carbendazim WP 500 to 1000 times, or with 80% Carbendazim WP 800 ~ 16OO times, or with 40% carbendazim suspension Liu 4O0 ~ 800 letter liquid spray.
8, prevention and treatment of peach scab: Peach bag before spraying once, every 7 ~ 1O days after spraying 1. Spray concentration see prevention pear scab.
9, prevention and treatment of apple brown spot: the beginning of the disease began spraying, spray every 7 to 10 days 1, depending on the condition of the decision to spray the number of spraying, spray concentration see pear scab.
10, grape white rot disease, prevention and control of acne disease: the grape leaf after the fruit coloring before spraying, spraying every 10 to 15 days, each time the concentration of pesticides see Pear scytosis.
11, prevention and control of beet leaf brown spots: the beginning of the disease began spraying, spraying once every 7 to 10 days, continuous spraying 2 to 3 times, each time with 40% per hectare carbendazim SC 18O0 ~ 3600 grams (active ingredient 720 ~ 1440 grams), add water 900 liters, stir evenly spray.
12, poisoning symptoms: poisoning showed dizziness, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms.
13, rescue measures: can lead vomiting, gastric lavage, can also be treated with atropine, with atropine 1 ~ 2 mg subcutaneous injection, every 4 ~ 6 hours intramuscular or oral atropine 0.4 ~ 0.6 mg until the symptoms disappear.
1, control of wheat scab: spraying the first drug in the first flowering, spraying the second drug after 5 to 7 days. Each time hectare with 25% carbendazim wettable powder 300O grams of goods, or with 4O% carbendazim WP 1875 grams, or with 50% carbendazim WP 1500 grams, or with 80% Carbendazim wettable powder product volume 937.5 grams (active ingredient 75O grams), you can also use 40% Carbendazim suspending agent product volume 937.5 grams (375 grams active ingredient), add water 750 liters, stir evenly spray.
2, prevention and control of rice blast: leaf blast, when found in the center of the field or acute type spot when the first drug spray, and then spraying once every 7 days. Prevention and treatment of rice blast, in the rice breach and heading stage spraying 1 times. Each hectare with 25% carbendazim wettable powder product volume of 3000 grams, or with 4O% carbendazim WP 1875 grams, or 50% carbendazim WP 150O grams of goods, or use 8O% Carbendazim WP 937.5 grams (750 grams active ingredient), you can also use 40% Carbendazim suspension agent product volume 937.5 grams (375 grams active ingredient), add water 1050 liters, stir evenly spray.
3, Prevention and control of rice sheath blight: In the early stage of disease or young panicle formation to booting spraying, every 7 days and then spraying 1, each with 25% per hectare Carbendazim WP 3,000 grams of goods , Or with 40% carbendazim WP 1875 grams of goods, or with 50% carbendazim WP 1500 grams, or with 80% carbendazim WP 937.5 grams (active ingredient 750 grams ), You can also use 4O% Carbendazim suspension agent product volume 937.5 grams (375 grams active ingredient), add water 1050 liters, stir evenly spray, focusing on spraying rice stems.
4, the prevention and treatment of cotton seedling disease: seed dressing control cotton blight, anthracnose, per 100 kg of cotton seeds with 25% carbendazim WP 2000 g, or 40% carbendazim WP products Amount of 1250 grams, or with 50% carbendazim wettable powder product quantity 1000 g, or with 80% carbendazim wettable powder product quantity 625 g (active ingredient 500 g) seed dressing. You can also use the soaking method, each 1O0 liters of water plus 40% Carbendazim Suspension 750 grams of merchandise (300 grams of active ingredient), stir evenly soaked cotton seed solution to be more than the surface, soaking time is 24 hours.
5, prevention and treatment of sclerotinia sclerotiorum: the rape Sheng flowering and flowering of the spray 1, each with 25% per hectare carbendazim wettable powder product size 4500 ~ 6800 grams, or 40% carbendazim can be Wet goods, commercial volume of 28125 ~ 4250 grams, or with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 2250 ~ 3400 grams of goods, or with 80% carbendazim wettable powder 1406.25 ~ 2125 grams of product (active ingredient 1125 ~ 1700 grams) , 40% carbendazim suspending agent can also be used in commercial quantities 2812.5 ~ 3750 grams (active ingredient 1125 ~ 1500 grams), add water 1050 liters, stir evenly spray.
6, peanut blight, stalk rot, root rot prevention and control: before sowing, 100 kg of peanut seeds with 25% carbendazim WP 1000 to 20O0 grams, or 40% carbendazim wettable Dosage of 625 ~ 1250 grams of powder, or with 50% carbendazim 500 to 1000 grams of product, or with 80% of carbendazim wettable powder 312.5 to 625 grams of product (active ingredient 250 to 500 grams) seed dressing. Seed dressing can be peanut seeds soak for 24 hours or the seeds wet with water, and then seed according to the amount of seed dressing.
7. Pear scythetic disease prevention and control: In the pear sprout spray the first drug, after falling spray the second drug, after the decision according to the condition of the development of spraying times, the general spraying 3 to 4 times, each interval Period of 7 to 10 days. Each with 25% carbendazim WP 250 to 500 times, or with 40% carbendazim WP 400 to 80O times, or with 50% carbendazim WP 500 to 1000 times, or with 80% Carbendazim WP 800 ~ 16OO times, or with 40% carbendazim suspension Liu 4O0 ~ 800 letter liquid spray.
8, prevention and treatment of peach scab: Peach bag before spraying once, every 7 ~ 1O days after spraying 1. Spray concentration see prevention pear scab.
9, prevention and treatment of apple brown spot: the beginning of the disease began spraying, spray every 7 to 10 days 1, depending on the condition of the decision to spray the number of spraying, spray concentration see pear scab.
10, grape white rot disease, prevention and control of acne disease: the grape leaf after the fruit coloring before spraying, spraying every 10 to 15 days, each time the concentration of pesticides see Pear scytosis.
11, prevention and control of beet leaf brown spots: the beginning of the disease began spraying, spraying once every 7 to 10 days, continuous spraying 2 to 3 times, each time with 40% per hectare carbendazim SC 18O0 ~ 3600 grams (active ingredient 720 ~ 1440 grams), add water 900 liters, stir evenly spray.
12, poisoning symptoms: poisoning showed dizziness, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms.
13, rescue measures: can lead vomiting, gastric lavage, can also be treated with atropine, with atropine 1 ~ 2 mg subcutaneous injection, every 4 ~ 6 hours intramuscular or oral atropine 0.4 ~ 0.6 mg until the symptoms disappear.
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