Microbial fertilizer is a kind of product which causes the crop to get a specific fertilizer effect by the life activity of the microorganism and is a kind of fertilizer used in agricultural production. How do these tiny creatures work in the soil?
The effectiveness of microbial fertilizers is mainly related to the source and effectiveness of nutrient elements, or to crop uptake of nutrients, moisture and disease resistance. To summarize the following aspects:
1. Fertility, which is one of the main effects of microbial fertilizer. Such as a variety of autotrophic, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, can increase the nitrogen sources in soil; a variety of phosphate, potassium-soluble microorganisms can be disabilities soil disabilities phosphorus, potassium decomposition out, which can be absorbed for the crop. After being applied into the soil, the microbial fertilizer can rapidly multiply and form a powerful probiotic group. It fundamentally improves the ecological structure around the soil and the root system. As a result, the soil that has been used for many years in fertilizer compaction is loosened and breathable, absorbing nitrogen in the air The formation of "ecological nitrogen fertilizer," will be deposited in the soil for many years to activate dead phosphorus dead potassium activation, so that plant roots absorb.
2. To enhance the resistance. Microbial fertilizer in addition to the traditional fertilizer production increase income, but also can reduce crop disease. There are three main reasons for this:
First, the beneficial microorganisms in fertilizers grow and multiply, forming dominant populations in the crop rhizosphere soil micro-ecosystem, inhibiting the growth and reproduction of other harmful microorganisms, even antagonizing some of the harmful pathogens, and reducing the chances of harmful microorganisms.
Second, beneficial microorganisms endocrine various metabolites to crop rhizosphere soil micro-ecosystem during the process of growth and reproduction. These metabolites can stimulate crop growth and enhance the ability of crops to resist adverse environment.
Third, plant diseases, frost damage, drought, aging and other adversities, the application of microbial fertilizers, which contain bacteria can induce the production of superoxide dismutase crops to eliminate the adverse effects of free radicals, thereby enhancing the resilience of crops Sexual, reduce disease.
3. Improve the quality of early maturity and high yield. Microbial fertilizers can stimulate soil fixed potassium, calcium, zinc and other trace nutrients. These elements can supply crop microbes Fertilizers can produce plant hormone substances to stimulate crop growth. Many microbes used as microbial fertilizers can also produce plant hormone substances, which can stimulate and regulate the growth of crops, make the plants grow robustly and the nutritional status is improved. In general, economic crops can be increased by more than 30% and field crops by 7-10% or more.
Researchers have found that microorganisms have the miraculous function of fixing nitrogen and can convert the free nitrogen in the air into effective nitrogen that the crop can absorb and utilize. In addition, microbial phosphorus and potassium bacteria can break down fixed phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and release them for crop utilization. Those who breed fast effective bacteria can also stimulate crop growth, play a role in disease prevention. As a result, scientists have bred the beneficial microorganisms that can be cultured artificially and produced microbial live products through industrial fermentation, which can be directly used for agricultural production. Microbial fertilizer is a kind of product which leads to the specific fertilizer effect of crops through the life activities of microorganisms and achieves the promotion of crop growth or yield increase or quality improvement.
2018年2月22日星期四
2018年2月13日星期二
Food additives on the tongue: Are you still eating plum?
I remember the primary school, the happiest thing every day is holding school after school pocket money, go to the store near the school to buy a variety of colorful snacks and stickers, and then eat home. The kind of sweet and sour sweet and sour complex texture is so tempting, that for a long time I love to eat plum, a variety of eaten, plum, plum, salt, milk, sour Cool, fleshy and juicy, dry enough flavor, are my favorites.
Rely on a good tooth, I am not let off the plum nuclear, we must try the taste inside. Whether it is out shopping, or the car, or go to the library to learn, my bag is placed a pack of plum, appetizing and refreshing, and even for some time, plum is one of my important sources of security, which I believe Sister paper loves to eat all know, or your sense of security into a crisp potato chips or cake only.
Since my exposure to nutrition, my diet has slowly been revised. I rarely touched other snacks except fruit (dried), yogurt and some original nuts, and now I think it all the more incredible. So fascinated things, now actually no feeling.
Like the boy who was even obsessed with infatuation during childhood, his face is now blurred, or I am a "fickle" person. Today, the protagonist to play is that plum, take a look at what exactly words Meili, so I love it for many years dietician no longer eat it.
Plum ingredients on the market similar words, just give a simple chestnuts, a section of plum ingredients list as follows:
Ingredients: fresh apricot, sugar, salt, butter, citric acid, stevia, aspartame, cyclamate, licorice, vanillin, ethyl maltol, potassium sorbate, sodium saccharin, Sodium formate
Is it right? Is it not easy to pickled plums and salt? How to run out such a long list of chemicals? Can not make people eat snacks well?
That's right, the plum packing plum in the store is not the preglabrous plum of Pregnancy for the White Snake and her sister in the Legend of the New White Snake. With the current food classification method, they should belong to candied foods.
In addition to the first four "fresh apricot, sugar, salt, butter," we can understand, what are the other? Listen to Hibiscus read for you one by one:
Citric acid: acidity regulator, the main source of sour plum, and salt together to make plum taste more rich;
Stevia glycosides, licorice: natural sweetener, extracted from plants, relatively safe;
Aspartame, Sodium Cyclobrase, Sodium Saccharin and Acesulfame K: Highly effective synthetic sweeteners, sweetness is tens to hundreds of times that of white granulated sugar. Of white sugar used together, not only cost savings, but also can be adjusted into a more gentle, acceptable sweetness and taste;
Vanillin: a synthetic flavor, commonly used words biscuits, candy, jelly, milk tea, milk powder and other foods, to provide the cream flavor of food;
Ethyl maltol: Is also a flavor, commonly used in bread, cakes and snacks and other food production, often with margarine or butter, so that food has a creamy or butter attractive rich flavor, the taste of the bakery is the source In this thing.
Potassium sorbate: one of the most common preservatives, can well inhibit the activity of molds, yeasts and aerobic bacteria, and effectively prolong the preservation time of food. It is relatively safe and is commonly used in beverages, preserved fruits, canned food, pickles, Soy sauce and vinegar and other foods;
Sodium benzoate: a common preservative but less safe than potassium sorbate, is not allowed in children and maternal foods, and is particularly carefully labeled for the purchase of such foods if it contains sodium benzoate.
Some people may ask, that ancient people pickled plum right? Is that modern people invented these chemical additives, plum plums into unhealthy food, then without preservatives, then plum must be okay?
Of course not, if no preservatives, it must be added a lot of much better (important thing to say three times) sugar, you know, sugar content of sweets reached more than 65% before long-term preservation at room temperature. The high sugar is clearly not conducive to health, if you choose sweeteners, the sugar content and certainly not up to this standard.
All in all, as a foodstuff like plum, I certainly would not recommend it to my daily diet as a dietitian, but if you occasionally greedy, it does not matter if you eat a few, since they are not poison anymore.
But pay attention to choose a large brand manufacturers products, do not choose bulk, small workshop production of three non-products. And for children, because kidney development and liver detoxification function is not perfect, so try to avoid eating.
Rely on a good tooth, I am not let off the plum nuclear, we must try the taste inside. Whether it is out shopping, or the car, or go to the library to learn, my bag is placed a pack of plum, appetizing and refreshing, and even for some time, plum is one of my important sources of security, which I believe Sister paper loves to eat all know, or your sense of security into a crisp potato chips or cake only.
Since my exposure to nutrition, my diet has slowly been revised. I rarely touched other snacks except fruit (dried), yogurt and some original nuts, and now I think it all the more incredible. So fascinated things, now actually no feeling.
Like the boy who was even obsessed with infatuation during childhood, his face is now blurred, or I am a "fickle" person. Today, the protagonist to play is that plum, take a look at what exactly words Meili, so I love it for many years dietician no longer eat it.
Plum ingredients on the market similar words, just give a simple chestnuts, a section of plum ingredients list as follows:
Ingredients: fresh apricot, sugar, salt, butter, citric acid, stevia, aspartame, cyclamate, licorice, vanillin, ethyl maltol, potassium sorbate, sodium saccharin, Sodium formate
Is it right? Is it not easy to pickled plums and salt? How to run out such a long list of chemicals? Can not make people eat snacks well?
That's right, the plum packing plum in the store is not the preglabrous plum of Pregnancy for the White Snake and her sister in the Legend of the New White Snake. With the current food classification method, they should belong to candied foods.
In addition to the first four "fresh apricot, sugar, salt, butter," we can understand, what are the other? Listen to Hibiscus read for you one by one:
Citric acid: acidity regulator, the main source of sour plum, and salt together to make plum taste more rich;
Stevia glycosides, licorice: natural sweetener, extracted from plants, relatively safe;
Aspartame, Sodium Cyclobrase, Sodium Saccharin and Acesulfame K: Highly effective synthetic sweeteners, sweetness is tens to hundreds of times that of white granulated sugar. Of white sugar used together, not only cost savings, but also can be adjusted into a more gentle, acceptable sweetness and taste;
Vanillin: a synthetic flavor, commonly used words biscuits, candy, jelly, milk tea, milk powder and other foods, to provide the cream flavor of food;
Ethyl maltol: Is also a flavor, commonly used in bread, cakes and snacks and other food production, often with margarine or butter, so that food has a creamy or butter attractive rich flavor, the taste of the bakery is the source In this thing.
Potassium sorbate: one of the most common preservatives, can well inhibit the activity of molds, yeasts and aerobic bacteria, and effectively prolong the preservation time of food. It is relatively safe and is commonly used in beverages, preserved fruits, canned food, pickles, Soy sauce and vinegar and other foods;
Sodium benzoate: a common preservative but less safe than potassium sorbate, is not allowed in children and maternal foods, and is particularly carefully labeled for the purchase of such foods if it contains sodium benzoate.
Some people may ask, that ancient people pickled plum right? Is that modern people invented these chemical additives, plum plums into unhealthy food, then without preservatives, then plum must be okay?
Of course not, if no preservatives, it must be added a lot of much better (important thing to say three times) sugar, you know, sugar content of sweets reached more than 65% before long-term preservation at room temperature. The high sugar is clearly not conducive to health, if you choose sweeteners, the sugar content and certainly not up to this standard.
All in all, as a foodstuff like plum, I certainly would not recommend it to my daily diet as a dietitian, but if you occasionally greedy, it does not matter if you eat a few, since they are not poison anymore.
But pay attention to choose a large brand manufacturers products, do not choose bulk, small workshop production of three non-products. And for children, because kidney development and liver detoxification function is not perfect, so try to avoid eating.
Several advanced sewage treatment technology introduction
First, the continuous circulation aeration system (CCAS)
A, CCAS process profile
The CCAS process, the Continuous Cycle Aeration System, is a continuous influent SBR aeration system. This process is based on SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor, Sequencing Batch Processing). As early as 1914, SBR technology was successfully researched and developed, but it was difficult to popularize and apply it in large-scale sewage treatment plants because of the troublesome manual management, backward monitoring methods and easy aeration of aerators. SBR process has been generally considered suitable for small-scale wastewater treatment plant. Into the 60's, automatic control technology and monitoring technology has developed rapidly, the new non-clogging microporous aerator has also been successfully developed, for a wide range of intermittent treatment to create the conditions. In 1968, the University of New South Wales in Australia and the United States ABJ company to develop a "batch reactor system using continuous water, periodic drainage, delayed aeration aerobic activated sludge process." In 1986, the U.S. EPA formally acknowledged that CCAS is an innovative alternative technology (I / A), becoming the most advanced computer-controlled biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal process. CCAS process of sewage treatment less demanding, only the gap 15mm mechanical grille and grit chamber. The core of biological treatment is the CCAS reaction tank. The functions of phosphorus removal, denitrification, degradation of organic substances and suspended solids are all completed in this tank, and effluent can reach the standard discharge. The pretreated effluent continuously enters the pre-reaction cell at the front of the reaction cell, where most of the soluble BOD in the effluent is adsorbed by the activated sludge microorganisms and removed together from the perforations in the lower part of the main and pre-reaction zones Low flow rate (0.03-0.05m / min) into the reaction zone. In the main reaction zone, the wastewater is operated under the procedures of "Aeration, Idle, Settle, and Decant" to complete the carbon removal during the "aerobic-anoxic" Nitrogen, and in the "aerobic - anaerobic" repeated phosphorus removal completed. The duration of the process and the operation of the corresponding equipment are prepared in advance, and adjustable procedures, centralized control by the computer.
The unique structure and mode of operation of the CCAS process make it unique in its craftsmanship:
(1) aeration, sewage and sludge in a perfectly mixed state to ensure that the BOD, COD removal rate, the removal rate of up to 95%.
(2) The repeated operation mode of "aerobic-anoxic" and "aerobic-anaerobic" enhanced the phosphorus absorption and nitrification-denitrification, which made the nitrogen and phosphorus removal rate reach more than 80% .
(3) When the sedimentation, the entire CCAS reaction tank is in a completely ideal sedimentation state, making the water suspension (SS) extremely low and the low SS value also ensures the phosphorus removal effect. The disadvantage of CCAS technology is that each tank runs intermittently at the same time. It is almost impossible to control by hand. It is totally computer-controlled. It has high requirements on the quality of management staff in the treatment plant and stricter requirements on design, training, installation and commissioning.
B, domestic and international urban sewage treatment plant development overview
Water is an important factor in economic development and social sustainable development. With the continuous expansion of urban size and population growth, water pollution has become a major problem. Urban sewage is an important reason for the pollution of rivers and lakes and waters and is one of the main reasons that restrict the sustainable development of many cities. "Environmental Protection" is China's basic national policy, and its goal of sustainable development in 2000 formulated in its 2000 governance objectives requires centralized treatment of urban sewage by 20%. At present, our country is in a period of great development of urban sewage treatment. In particular, with the implementation of the national strategy of developing the western region, the protection of the environment and ecology in the central and western regions of China has been put on the top agenda. Urban domestic sewage treatment has drawn more and more attention since the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago. Urban sewage treatment rate has become an important symbol of regional civilization or not. For nearly 200 years, urban sewage treatment has evolved from primary natural treatment and simple primary treatment to using advanced technologies to deeply treat sewage and reuse it. From the traditional activated sludge process, oxidation ditch process development to A / O, A2 / O, AB, SBR (including CCAS process) and other processes, in order to achieve different effluent requirements. China's urban sewage treatment relative to the developed countries, started later, the current urban sewage treatment rate of only 6.7%. While we vigorously arouse advanced foreign technologies, equipment and experience, we must, in light of the development of our country, especially the actual conditions in the area, explore a suitable urban sewage treatment system suitable for our country.
Combined with the actual situation in our country, with reference to foreign advanced technology and experience, the construction of urban sewage treatment plant should meet the following development directions:
(1) Total investment province. As a developing country, China needs a very large capital for its economic development. Therefore, strict control of the total investment on the national economy is of great benefit.
(2) low operating costs. Operating costs is an important factor in the normal operation of sewage treatment plants, is to judge the merits of a set of one of the main indicators.
(3) covers the province. With a large population in our country, the per capita land resources are extremely scarce. Land resources are an important factor in the development and planning of many cities in our country.
(4) nitrogen and phosphorus removal effect. With the eutrophication of large-scale water environment in our country, the denitrification and dephosphorization of sewage has become an urgent problem. China's latest implementation of the "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard" (GB8978-1996) also clearly applicable to all sewage units, very strictly set the phosphate emission standards and ammonia emission standards. This means that the vast majority of urban sewage treatment plants in the future should consider the issue of nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
(5) modern combination of advanced technology and environmental engineering. The emergence and improvement of modern advanced technology, especially computer technology and automatic control system equipment, have provided strong support for the development of environmental engineering. At present, most advanced sewage treatment plants in developed countries adopt advanced computer management and automatic control systems to ensure the normal operation of sewage treatment plants and stable qualified effluent, while our country is still relatively backward in this respect. Computer control and management will also be the direction of the development of China's urban sewage treatment plants.
C, several processing system technology comparison
In order to select the most reliable and technically most cost-effective and most manageable urban sewage treatment system in our country, we have researched the mature experience and development trend of WWTPs at home and abroad based on the actual situation in our country and compared them with each other. At present, most of the domestic and foreign urban sewage treatment plant treatment process using a secondary treatment and secondary treatment. A treatment is the use of physical methods, mainly through the grid interception, precipitation and other means to remove large suspended solids in the waste water and sand and other substances. This treatment process has matured at home and abroad, little difference. Secondary treatment is the use of biochemical methods, mainly through microbial life movements and other means to remove suspended solids in wastewater, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients. At present, there are many ways to deal with this process. In summary, typical processes include traditional activated sludge, oxidation ditch, A / O or A2 / O processes, SBR and CCAS processes. At present, these several representative processes have practical applications both at home and abroad.
A, CCAS process profile
The CCAS process, the Continuous Cycle Aeration System, is a continuous influent SBR aeration system. This process is based on SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor, Sequencing Batch Processing). As early as 1914, SBR technology was successfully researched and developed, but it was difficult to popularize and apply it in large-scale sewage treatment plants because of the troublesome manual management, backward monitoring methods and easy aeration of aerators. SBR process has been generally considered suitable for small-scale wastewater treatment plant. Into the 60's, automatic control technology and monitoring technology has developed rapidly, the new non-clogging microporous aerator has also been successfully developed, for a wide range of intermittent treatment to create the conditions. In 1968, the University of New South Wales in Australia and the United States ABJ company to develop a "batch reactor system using continuous water, periodic drainage, delayed aeration aerobic activated sludge process." In 1986, the U.S. EPA formally acknowledged that CCAS is an innovative alternative technology (I / A), becoming the most advanced computer-controlled biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal process. CCAS process of sewage treatment less demanding, only the gap 15mm mechanical grille and grit chamber. The core of biological treatment is the CCAS reaction tank. The functions of phosphorus removal, denitrification, degradation of organic substances and suspended solids are all completed in this tank, and effluent can reach the standard discharge. The pretreated effluent continuously enters the pre-reaction cell at the front of the reaction cell, where most of the soluble BOD in the effluent is adsorbed by the activated sludge microorganisms and removed together from the perforations in the lower part of the main and pre-reaction zones Low flow rate (0.03-0.05m / min) into the reaction zone. In the main reaction zone, the wastewater is operated under the procedures of "Aeration, Idle, Settle, and Decant" to complete the carbon removal during the "aerobic-anoxic" Nitrogen, and in the "aerobic - anaerobic" repeated phosphorus removal completed. The duration of the process and the operation of the corresponding equipment are prepared in advance, and adjustable procedures, centralized control by the computer.
The unique structure and mode of operation of the CCAS process make it unique in its craftsmanship:
(1) aeration, sewage and sludge in a perfectly mixed state to ensure that the BOD, COD removal rate, the removal rate of up to 95%.
(2) The repeated operation mode of "aerobic-anoxic" and "aerobic-anaerobic" enhanced the phosphorus absorption and nitrification-denitrification, which made the nitrogen and phosphorus removal rate reach more than 80% .
(3) When the sedimentation, the entire CCAS reaction tank is in a completely ideal sedimentation state, making the water suspension (SS) extremely low and the low SS value also ensures the phosphorus removal effect. The disadvantage of CCAS technology is that each tank runs intermittently at the same time. It is almost impossible to control by hand. It is totally computer-controlled. It has high requirements on the quality of management staff in the treatment plant and stricter requirements on design, training, installation and commissioning.
B, domestic and international urban sewage treatment plant development overview
Water is an important factor in economic development and social sustainable development. With the continuous expansion of urban size and population growth, water pollution has become a major problem. Urban sewage is an important reason for the pollution of rivers and lakes and waters and is one of the main reasons that restrict the sustainable development of many cities. "Environmental Protection" is China's basic national policy, and its goal of sustainable development in 2000 formulated in its 2000 governance objectives requires centralized treatment of urban sewage by 20%. At present, our country is in a period of great development of urban sewage treatment. In particular, with the implementation of the national strategy of developing the western region, the protection of the environment and ecology in the central and western regions of China has been put on the top agenda. Urban domestic sewage treatment has drawn more and more attention since the Industrial Revolution 200 years ago. Urban sewage treatment rate has become an important symbol of regional civilization or not. For nearly 200 years, urban sewage treatment has evolved from primary natural treatment and simple primary treatment to using advanced technologies to deeply treat sewage and reuse it. From the traditional activated sludge process, oxidation ditch process development to A / O, A2 / O, AB, SBR (including CCAS process) and other processes, in order to achieve different effluent requirements. China's urban sewage treatment relative to the developed countries, started later, the current urban sewage treatment rate of only 6.7%. While we vigorously arouse advanced foreign technologies, equipment and experience, we must, in light of the development of our country, especially the actual conditions in the area, explore a suitable urban sewage treatment system suitable for our country.
Combined with the actual situation in our country, with reference to foreign advanced technology and experience, the construction of urban sewage treatment plant should meet the following development directions:
(1) Total investment province. As a developing country, China needs a very large capital for its economic development. Therefore, strict control of the total investment on the national economy is of great benefit.
(2) low operating costs. Operating costs is an important factor in the normal operation of sewage treatment plants, is to judge the merits of a set of one of the main indicators.
(3) covers the province. With a large population in our country, the per capita land resources are extremely scarce. Land resources are an important factor in the development and planning of many cities in our country.
(4) nitrogen and phosphorus removal effect. With the eutrophication of large-scale water environment in our country, the denitrification and dephosphorization of sewage has become an urgent problem. China's latest implementation of the "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard" (GB8978-1996) also clearly applicable to all sewage units, very strictly set the phosphate emission standards and ammonia emission standards. This means that the vast majority of urban sewage treatment plants in the future should consider the issue of nitrogen and phosphorus removal.
(5) modern combination of advanced technology and environmental engineering. The emergence and improvement of modern advanced technology, especially computer technology and automatic control system equipment, have provided strong support for the development of environmental engineering. At present, most advanced sewage treatment plants in developed countries adopt advanced computer management and automatic control systems to ensure the normal operation of sewage treatment plants and stable qualified effluent, while our country is still relatively backward in this respect. Computer control and management will also be the direction of the development of China's urban sewage treatment plants.
C, several processing system technology comparison
In order to select the most reliable and technically most cost-effective and most manageable urban sewage treatment system in our country, we have researched the mature experience and development trend of WWTPs at home and abroad based on the actual situation in our country and compared them with each other. At present, most of the domestic and foreign urban sewage treatment plant treatment process using a secondary treatment and secondary treatment. A treatment is the use of physical methods, mainly through the grid interception, precipitation and other means to remove large suspended solids in the waste water and sand and other substances. This treatment process has matured at home and abroad, little difference. Secondary treatment is the use of biochemical methods, mainly through microbial life movements and other means to remove suspended solids in wastewater, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients. At present, there are many ways to deal with this process. In summary, typical processes include traditional activated sludge, oxidation ditch, A / O or A2 / O processes, SBR and CCAS processes. At present, these several representative processes have practical applications both at home and abroad.
Root knot nematode control methods
Root-knot nematode is a highly specialized type of omnivorous phytophagous nematodes. It mainly harms the roots of various vegetables. It is necessary to strictly implement the principle of prevention and control of plant diseases, and focus on agricultural and physical prevention and control measures and chemical And biological control, in order to effectively prevent the harm, let's take a look at the root knot nematode prevention and control methods!
Hazard characteristics of root knot nematode
Root-knot nematode damage to the roots of a variety of vegetables, manifested as lateral roots and fibrous roots more than normal, and in the root of the fibrous roots to form spherical or conical white nodules of varying sizes, and some were beads. The shoots grow dwarfed, slow, leaf color abnormalities, with few results, low yields and even plant premature death.
Root knot nematode epidemiology
Root knot nematode life experience to go through eggs, larvae and adults three periods. Under suitable conditions, the egg splits into about 20 cells after 2 days and enters into the blastocyst stage. After 2 days and 4 to 5 days, the egg enters the gastrula stage, and the needle emerges 4 to 5 days after the formation of the stoma First instar larvae, and then through the static and the first molt, hatch hatch is the second instar larvae. The second instar larvae are the only effective age of root-knot nematode infesting plants. The second-instar larvae invade the root tips of plants and develop into adult worms after two molting. The male adults return to the soil, Most root knot nematodes only parthenogenesis. Mainly eggs, oocysts or 2nd instar larvae with the disease overwinter in the soil, when the temperature reaches 10 ℃ above, the eggs can hatch the larvae.
Root knot nematode control methods
1, the root knot nematodes are mainly distributed in the surface soil of 3 to 10 cm, rarely exists in the soil below 15 cm, can be lethal after 8 to 10 minutes at a temperature of 55 ° C. This feature can be used Summer stubble to take fire, flooding and high temperature stewing room and other methods to be eradicated.
2, the implementation of the rotation and intercropping with green onions, garlic, every 2 years can be planted in a row of green onions or garlic, or in the main vegetables crop lines, intercropping garlic seedlings, garlic seedlings grow into the harvesting method to take leeks, Retreating root again, let its long-term retention, can significantly reduce the harm of root-knot nematode, but also can reduce the occurrence and development of other diseases, increase greenhouse revenue.
3, the soil by the sea three vegetarian organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and trace elements fertilizer, plant continuous spraying "sea vitamin foliar fertilizer" to ensure strong plant robust, and the marine hormone series of fertilizers added specifically oligomeric shell Glycan, which has the effect of inhibiting nematode, can effectively improve its resistance to root-knot nematode.
4, Seedlings planted large flood irrigation, Mushi Changge 1 # +2 # each bottle, persist for more than 4 months, or more than 16 bags of mu Shi Shi Qi, holding period can reach 2 months, or Mu with 2% avermectin 1kg 2 or 3 bottles of persistence for one month, or 10% of the tablets apply full library granules, 25000 grams per mu, kill the soil residual worm original.
Hazard characteristics of root knot nematode
Root-knot nematode damage to the roots of a variety of vegetables, manifested as lateral roots and fibrous roots more than normal, and in the root of the fibrous roots to form spherical or conical white nodules of varying sizes, and some were beads. The shoots grow dwarfed, slow, leaf color abnormalities, with few results, low yields and even plant premature death.
Root knot nematode epidemiology
Root knot nematode life experience to go through eggs, larvae and adults three periods. Under suitable conditions, the egg splits into about 20 cells after 2 days and enters into the blastocyst stage. After 2 days and 4 to 5 days, the egg enters the gastrula stage, and the needle emerges 4 to 5 days after the formation of the stoma First instar larvae, and then through the static and the first molt, hatch hatch is the second instar larvae. The second instar larvae are the only effective age of root-knot nematode infesting plants. The second-instar larvae invade the root tips of plants and develop into adult worms after two molting. The male adults return to the soil, Most root knot nematodes only parthenogenesis. Mainly eggs, oocysts or 2nd instar larvae with the disease overwinter in the soil, when the temperature reaches 10 ℃ above, the eggs can hatch the larvae.
Root knot nematode control methods
1, the root knot nematodes are mainly distributed in the surface soil of 3 to 10 cm, rarely exists in the soil below 15 cm, can be lethal after 8 to 10 minutes at a temperature of 55 ° C. This feature can be used Summer stubble to take fire, flooding and high temperature stewing room and other methods to be eradicated.
2, the implementation of the rotation and intercropping with green onions, garlic, every 2 years can be planted in a row of green onions or garlic, or in the main vegetables crop lines, intercropping garlic seedlings, garlic seedlings grow into the harvesting method to take leeks, Retreating root again, let its long-term retention, can significantly reduce the harm of root-knot nematode, but also can reduce the occurrence and development of other diseases, increase greenhouse revenue.
3, the soil by the sea three vegetarian organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and trace elements fertilizer, plant continuous spraying "sea vitamin foliar fertilizer" to ensure strong plant robust, and the marine hormone series of fertilizers added specifically oligomeric shell Glycan, which has the effect of inhibiting nematode, can effectively improve its resistance to root-knot nematode.
4, Seedlings planted large flood irrigation, Mushi Changge 1 # +2 # each bottle, persist for more than 4 months, or more than 16 bags of mu Shi Shi Qi, holding period can reach 2 months, or Mu with 2% avermectin 1kg 2 or 3 bottles of persistence for one month, or 10% of the tablets apply full library granules, 25000 grams per mu, kill the soil residual worm original.
Fertilizer: You will use it?
Fungus is not good, used to know! In recent years, bacteria fertilizer into our sight, its unique biological function of bacteria in improving the soil, improve crop quality results have also been gradually recognized by farmers. However, due to the fact that most peasant friends have more control over the effectiveness of the bacteriostat, nutrient content and fertilization methods, it is difficult to achieve the desired results. Today we talk about the issue of bacterial fertilizer:
What is the role of bacterial fertilizer
Bacterial fertilizer is the common name of microbial fertilizer, it is a kind of auxiliary fertilizer with live bacteria. There are a large number of microorganisms in the soil (including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes), generally contain hundreds of millions to billions of microbes per gram of soil. Some are good for crop growth and some are harmful. People use scientific methods to separate from the soil, breeding beneficial microorganisms, after training, breeding, made of bacteria agents, these agents used in agriculture, the crop yield, known as bacterial fertilizer. At present, China's production and application of bacteria mainly Rhizobium, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, potassium bacteria, EM bacteria and other fertilizers. Bacterial fertilizer is beneficial to microorganisms by antagonizing the harmful microorganisms through the life activities of beneficial microorganisms, promoting the transformation of nutrients in the soil, improving the effectiveness of soil nutrients, improving crop nutrient conditions and increasing soil fertility.
The role of bacterial fertilizer in the following areas:
1.1 to improve soil nutrient supply
Fertilizer mainly through a variety of bacteria to promote the dissolution of insoluble nutrients in the soil release. In the process of metabolism, the agent releases a large amount of inorganic and organic acid substances to promote the release and chelation of the trace elements such as silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and molybdenum in the soil, effectively breaks the soil compaction, promotes the formation of aggregate structure, Fixed ineffective fertilizers are transformed into effective fertilizers to improve nutrient supply, aeration and porosity in the soil.
1.2 to promote crop growth
The use of bacterium fertilizer promotes the production and regulation of stimulating hormone and promotes the growth and development of crops. The use of fungi can promote the production of gibberellins, auxin and other active substances.
1.3 enhance the ability of crop disease resistance
Some strains of bacterial fertilizer have the function of secreting antibiotics and various active enzymes to inhibit or kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria. A large number of field trials have proved that the application of bacterial fertilizer can reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and enhance the resistance of crops. Such as cotton yellow blight, rice blast, wheat powdery mildew, stalk rot, vegetable damping-off disease, blight, bacterial wilt and so have some control and inhibition, a large number of experiments show that Endemic microbial agents can be effective Inhibit the occurrence of certain species of nematode. Bacterial fertilizer is also obvious drought, cold, lodging, salt and alkali effects, enhance crop disease resistance, thus effectively preventing the occurrence of crop physiological diseases.
1.4 increase production, improve quality
The use of microbial fertilizers can increase the content of vitamin C, amino acids and sugars in agricultural products and effectively reduce the nitrate content, so that the agricultural products produced are delicious and good-looking, and they are selling at a good price. Can increase crop yield by 20-30% differently.
The correct application of bacterial fertilizer:
Fertilizer use less, the single application is not easy to apply, before the casing susceptible to the effects of sunlight, the wind and the wind will happen to run the wind can be mixed with organic fertilizer deep application of better, can also be mixed with nutrition soil Nursery vegetables, vegetables can also be applied when planting or ditch facilities.
(1) bacterial fertilizer long duration. Because of the strong vitality of biological bacteria, the general fertilizer up to 150 to 180 days, the first quarter of the crop is only applied once to meet the growth and development of the crop's life requirements.
(2) Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of active bacteria. When applied, it must be buried in the soil and can not be applied to the earth's surface. Generally it is applied to 7 ~ 10cm. As the biological bacteria on the crop roots and seeds do not cause any harm, so the application of microbial fertilizer should be close to the crop roots to maximize contact with the crop roots in order to give full play to biological fertilizer efficiency. For seed fertilizer, applied to the seeds just below the 2 ~ 3cm Department; as close as possible when the top dressing for the root system is good; foliar spraying should be carried out after 3 pm and sprayed on the back of the leaves to prevent ultraviolet light to kill Species.
(3) Fertilizer and other fertilizers with a good effect. Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of high content of biological agents, applied to the soil takes 15 to 20 days to play a fertilizing effect, the majority of biological bacteria need to be restored under the action of nitrogen, so the amount of fertilizers to be modest with a small amount Of nitrogen fertilizer, the general compound fertilizer per hectare 25 ~ 30kg, and according to different situations, with the application of 45 ~ 75kg urea, 75kg diammonium phosphate. If combined with organic fertilizers (80kg of organic fertilizer per hectare), the physical and chemical properties of soil can be accelerated, the content of soil organic matter can be increased, and the activity of biological bacteria can be increased.
(4) Maintaining suitable temperature and humidity conditions of soil: The bacterial fertilizer can be applied under soil conditions with soil water content above 30%, soil temperature between 10 and 40 ℃ and pH between 5.5 and 8.5. Watering in time when soil water content is less than 30%, and timely cultivating loose soil to maintain soil moisture, improve soil temperature.
(5) Preparation of nutrient soil: Generally take the pastoral soil (non-pesticide contaminated pastoral soil) 60kg, fully ferment the maturity of man, livestock and poultry manure 30kg, plus compound fertilizer 10kg, stir well. The nutrient soil can be used for crops, vegetables, fruits, fruit trees and other nursery, raising seedlings and other uses.
Application and promotion should pay attention to matters:
Biological Fungus plays a key role in the species, but the species is invisible, how to determine the pros and cons of a biological fertilizer?
First of all to see if there is no registration certificate of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture registration certificate of the microbial fertilizer may be real;
Second, look at the sustainability of the brand, in general, the longer the brand, the higher the credibility;
The third point is that operators must do their own experiments. With these three basic can determine the advantages and disadvantages of bacterial fertilizer.
In addition, in the application process should note the following:
3.1 Valid and effective live bacteria At present, the effective life of microbial fertilizer in China more than 1 year survival time, so the optional fertilizer to be used as soon as possible, storage time is too long, the strain of dormancy may be destroyed. Bacteria effective bacteria can not reach the standard number of bacteria can not be purchased. The number of viable microorganisms of microbial agents in the state is more than 200 million / g (100 million particles / g), and the effective viable count of compound microbial fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer is more than 20 million / g. If you do not meet this standard, indicating the quality of products can not meet the requirements.
3.2 temperature and humidity, soil and application of microbial fertilizer application of the best temperature is 25 ℃ ~ 37 ℃, less than 5 ℃, higher than 45 ℃, the application effect is poor. The high temperature, low temperature, drought conditions, crop plots should not be applied. Azotobacter fertilizer moisture content of the soil moisture is 60% to 70%. Sulfur-rich soil and rust paddy fields, should not be applied to fertilizer, because sulfur can kill biological bacteria. For thickened paddy fields, generally do not spread, with the spray method will be better. Biological fertilizer is not a quick fertilizer, nutrition critical period in the crop and nutrient absorption period of 7 to 10 days before the application, the best.
3.3 dosage and mix
Soil into the more fertilizer, although there will be no phenomenon of burning roots burning seedlings, but it is not applied to the more the better. The blind application of biological fertilizer in large quantities will increase the input cost of fertilizer and reduce the cultivation efficiency of crops.
Therefore, should be based on the needs of different crops and soil nutrients, the scientific determination of biological fertilizer amount of fertilizer in order to achieve the purpose of increasing production and income.
Remember: Do not mix the bacteriostat with fungicides, insecticides, herbicides and sulfur-containing fertilizers (such as potassium sulphate) and straw ash, as these drugs and fertilizers can easily kill biological bacteria. Or first fertilizer, every 48 hours, then fight weeding. If the seed dressing should not be mixed with germicide seed mixed use. Do not mix and decayed farmyard fertilizer.
What is the role of bacterial fertilizer
Bacterial fertilizer is the common name of microbial fertilizer, it is a kind of auxiliary fertilizer with live bacteria. There are a large number of microorganisms in the soil (including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes), generally contain hundreds of millions to billions of microbes per gram of soil. Some are good for crop growth and some are harmful. People use scientific methods to separate from the soil, breeding beneficial microorganisms, after training, breeding, made of bacteria agents, these agents used in agriculture, the crop yield, known as bacterial fertilizer. At present, China's production and application of bacteria mainly Rhizobium, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, potassium bacteria, EM bacteria and other fertilizers. Bacterial fertilizer is beneficial to microorganisms by antagonizing the harmful microorganisms through the life activities of beneficial microorganisms, promoting the transformation of nutrients in the soil, improving the effectiveness of soil nutrients, improving crop nutrient conditions and increasing soil fertility.
The role of bacterial fertilizer in the following areas:
1.1 to improve soil nutrient supply
Fertilizer mainly through a variety of bacteria to promote the dissolution of insoluble nutrients in the soil release. In the process of metabolism, the agent releases a large amount of inorganic and organic acid substances to promote the release and chelation of the trace elements such as silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and molybdenum in the soil, effectively breaks the soil compaction, promotes the formation of aggregate structure, Fixed ineffective fertilizers are transformed into effective fertilizers to improve nutrient supply, aeration and porosity in the soil.
1.2 to promote crop growth
The use of bacterium fertilizer promotes the production and regulation of stimulating hormone and promotes the growth and development of crops. The use of fungi can promote the production of gibberellins, auxin and other active substances.
1.3 enhance the ability of crop disease resistance
Some strains of bacterial fertilizer have the function of secreting antibiotics and various active enzymes to inhibit or kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria. A large number of field trials have proved that the application of bacterial fertilizer can reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and enhance the resistance of crops. Such as cotton yellow blight, rice blast, wheat powdery mildew, stalk rot, vegetable damping-off disease, blight, bacterial wilt and so have some control and inhibition, a large number of experiments show that Endemic microbial agents can be effective Inhibit the occurrence of certain species of nematode. Bacterial fertilizer is also obvious drought, cold, lodging, salt and alkali effects, enhance crop disease resistance, thus effectively preventing the occurrence of crop physiological diseases.
1.4 increase production, improve quality
The use of microbial fertilizers can increase the content of vitamin C, amino acids and sugars in agricultural products and effectively reduce the nitrate content, so that the agricultural products produced are delicious and good-looking, and they are selling at a good price. Can increase crop yield by 20-30% differently.
The correct application of bacterial fertilizer:
Fertilizer use less, the single application is not easy to apply, before the casing susceptible to the effects of sunlight, the wind and the wind will happen to run the wind can be mixed with organic fertilizer deep application of better, can also be mixed with nutrition soil Nursery vegetables, vegetables can also be applied when planting or ditch facilities.
(1) bacterial fertilizer long duration. Because of the strong vitality of biological bacteria, the general fertilizer up to 150 to 180 days, the first quarter of the crop is only applied once to meet the growth and development of the crop's life requirements.
(2) Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of active bacteria. When applied, it must be buried in the soil and can not be applied to the earth's surface. Generally it is applied to 7 ~ 10cm. As the biological bacteria on the crop roots and seeds do not cause any harm, so the application of microbial fertilizer should be close to the crop roots to maximize contact with the crop roots in order to give full play to biological fertilizer efficiency. For seed fertilizer, applied to the seeds just below the 2 ~ 3cm Department; as close as possible when the top dressing for the root system is good; foliar spraying should be carried out after 3 pm and sprayed on the back of the leaves to prevent ultraviolet light to kill Species.
(3) Fertilizer and other fertilizers with a good effect. Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of high content of biological agents, applied to the soil takes 15 to 20 days to play a fertilizing effect, the majority of biological bacteria need to be restored under the action of nitrogen, so the amount of fertilizers to be modest with a small amount Of nitrogen fertilizer, the general compound fertilizer per hectare 25 ~ 30kg, and according to different situations, with the application of 45 ~ 75kg urea, 75kg diammonium phosphate. If combined with organic fertilizers (80kg of organic fertilizer per hectare), the physical and chemical properties of soil can be accelerated, the content of soil organic matter can be increased, and the activity of biological bacteria can be increased.
(4) Maintaining suitable temperature and humidity conditions of soil: The bacterial fertilizer can be applied under soil conditions with soil water content above 30%, soil temperature between 10 and 40 ℃ and pH between 5.5 and 8.5. Watering in time when soil water content is less than 30%, and timely cultivating loose soil to maintain soil moisture, improve soil temperature.
(5) Preparation of nutrient soil: Generally take the pastoral soil (non-pesticide contaminated pastoral soil) 60kg, fully ferment the maturity of man, livestock and poultry manure 30kg, plus compound fertilizer 10kg, stir well. The nutrient soil can be used for crops, vegetables, fruits, fruit trees and other nursery, raising seedlings and other uses.
Application and promotion should pay attention to matters:
Biological Fungus plays a key role in the species, but the species is invisible, how to determine the pros and cons of a biological fertilizer?
First of all to see if there is no registration certificate of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture registration certificate of the microbial fertilizer may be real;
Second, look at the sustainability of the brand, in general, the longer the brand, the higher the credibility;
The third point is that operators must do their own experiments. With these three basic can determine the advantages and disadvantages of bacterial fertilizer.
In addition, in the application process should note the following:
3.1 Valid and effective live bacteria At present, the effective life of microbial fertilizer in China more than 1 year survival time, so the optional fertilizer to be used as soon as possible, storage time is too long, the strain of dormancy may be destroyed. Bacteria effective bacteria can not reach the standard number of bacteria can not be purchased. The number of viable microorganisms of microbial agents in the state is more than 200 million / g (100 million particles / g), and the effective viable count of compound microbial fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer is more than 20 million / g. If you do not meet this standard, indicating the quality of products can not meet the requirements.
3.2 temperature and humidity, soil and application of microbial fertilizer application of the best temperature is 25 ℃ ~ 37 ℃, less than 5 ℃, higher than 45 ℃, the application effect is poor. The high temperature, low temperature, drought conditions, crop plots should not be applied. Azotobacter fertilizer moisture content of the soil moisture is 60% to 70%. Sulfur-rich soil and rust paddy fields, should not be applied to fertilizer, because sulfur can kill biological bacteria. For thickened paddy fields, generally do not spread, with the spray method will be better. Biological fertilizer is not a quick fertilizer, nutrition critical period in the crop and nutrient absorption period of 7 to 10 days before the application, the best.
3.3 dosage and mix
Soil into the more fertilizer, although there will be no phenomenon of burning roots burning seedlings, but it is not applied to the more the better. The blind application of biological fertilizer in large quantities will increase the input cost of fertilizer and reduce the cultivation efficiency of crops.
Therefore, should be based on the needs of different crops and soil nutrients, the scientific determination of biological fertilizer amount of fertilizer in order to achieve the purpose of increasing production and income.
Remember: Do not mix the bacteriostat with fungicides, insecticides, herbicides and sulfur-containing fertilizers (such as potassium sulphate) and straw ash, as these drugs and fertilizers can easily kill biological bacteria. Or first fertilizer, every 48 hours, then fight weeding. If the seed dressing should not be mixed with germicide seed mixed use. Do not mix and decayed farmyard fertilizer.
The most complete soil knowledge
(B) soil fertility and its factors
1, soil fertility types: soil fertility refers to the ability of the soil to meet the crop growth and development of water, nutrients, air, heat and so called. Soil fertility is divided into natural and artificial fertility; potential fertility and effective fertility. The so-called natural fertility, refers to the natural soil before reclamation and utilization of fertility; artificial fertility refers to the people of the soil cultivation, fertilization, irrigation and other agricultural technical measures to create a new fertility.
Therefore, the longer agricultural and cultivated crops can be harvested in any soil, the better the technical measures that can be taken, and the greater the proportion of man-made fertility. So, soil is the object of labor, but also the product of labor. The so-called effective fertility, refers to the cultivation of crops, the crop is absorbed by the utilization of that part of the fertility; potential fertility refers to those existing in the soil, can not immediately be utilized by those crops that fertility. Potential fertility and effective fertility are mutually transformable with the proper implementation of agricultural technologies.
2, soil fertility factors: soil moisture, nutrients, air and temperature, known as the four major factors of soil fertility. Soil fertility level, not only by the number of each fertility factor appropriate or not, but mainly depends on the degree of coordination between water, fertilizer, gas, heat under certain conditions. Therefore, we must study and master the status of soil fertility factors and their relationship.
(1) soil moisture status. "Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture." First, the growth and development of crops require large amounts of water. This is because, for a typical crop to have a single crop, it must consume 500-1,000 points of water, which is supplied from the soil; the nutrients absorbed by crops also need to be dissolved in water before they can be used; the activity of soil microorganisms and the soil Nutrient decomposition and conversion require water.
Second, moisture directly affects the soil air and heat conditions, but also affects the soil's properties such as swelling, cohesion, cohesion and tillage. This shows that soil moisture is not only necessary for crop growth and development, but also can control the relationship between soil moisture to make the relationship between fertilizer, gas and heat.
① soil moisture type: soil moisture by its different forces, generally divided into three types:
A, irreducible water: This is the gravitational effect of the soil surface, tightly bound to the water around the soil particles and called. This water moves very slowly in the soil, and some do not move on the soil surface, it is difficult to be absorbed by crops. When the soil moisture reached only the bound water, the crop wilted. As the soil particles finer, absorb more water, so the bound water of clay is greater than the sand.
B, capillary water: This is called capillary water in the soil under the capillary gravity to maintain the tiny pores in the soil water. This water can move along the capillary pores in all directions up, down, left and right. The law of its movement from the humidity of the soil to move to a small soil moisture. It is the most suitable soil for water absorption and utilization of crops. As water is soluble in various crops, it provides nutrients for the crop.
Oil sand, tidal sand, the emergence of "resurgence" or "return Run" phenomenon, is the capillary water rise movement, the introduction of groundwater into the ground because of the reason. However, the capillary water movement will cause surface evaporation to occur constantly, resulting in the loss of soil moisture. Therefore, it is often used in production to cultivate loose soil, which has the effect of cutting off the soil capillary and reducing soil water evaporation.
C, gravity water: This is in the soil moisture content exceeds the soil capillary force range, excessive water leakage under the influence of gravity down, this seepage water is called gravity water. It is the most effective water for rice. Although the leakage may cause leaking and leaking, proper leakage is necessary both for paddy field and dry land. It is conducive to the renewal of soil air and the downward movement and leaching of harmful reducing substances.
② Paddy soil moisture status: Paddy soil during flooded period, tillage layer of water saturated with state, due to gravity, continuous vertical leakage. According to the vertical leakage characteristics of water, paddy soil is divided into three types.
A, groundwater type: this type of paddy soil, groundwater level is high (groundwater level within 60 cm from the surface), poor drainage, irrigation water and groundwater connected, poor permeability, low mud temperature, such as cold dip fields, mud fields And deep duck feces soil belongs to it.
B, surface water: This type of paddy soil, deep water table (more than 150 cm), irrigation infiltration can not reach the groundwater layer, drainage is good, but not resistant to drought. Such as Kaohtian, Tianshui and most of the terraces.
C, good water type: This type of paddy soil, groundwater level between 60-150 cm, the irrigation water layer and the groundwater level is not connected, but the soil capillary water can flow up and down, these fields are generally distributed in the field above or Row, two rows of fields belong.
Three types of paddy soils, with good water-based soil fertility is best, generally high and stable yield paddy fields. Appropriate seepage is necessary for paddy soils, which help to renew the air in the soil and eliminate toxic substances. Of course, not too large, so as to avoid nutrient leaching. Generally 1-inch water can be stored in irrigation for three days, that leakage is 0.5-1.0 cm / 24 hours the most appropriate.
(2) Soil air condition: Soil air is closely related to soil microbial activity and nutrient conversion, and also affects crop root development. Crop growth and development of the various stages of the soil air have certain requirements.
① The composition of soil air: the air in the soil, part of which is entered by the atmosphere; and partly by the biochemical processes in the soil. Due to the influence of the life activities of organisms in the soil (crop roots and microbes) and the decomposition of organic matter, the continuous depletion of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide and other gases causes a significant difference between the composition of air in the atmosphere and the atmosphere: the oxygen content of soil air is below Air, and carbon dioxide content is higher than the atmosphere; In addition the soil air is often saturated with water vapor, atmospheric humidity is generally only 50-90%; soil air sometimes contain a small amount of reducing gas, such as methane, hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide .
The characteristics of paddy soil air conditions: paddy soil seasonal or perennial flooding, soil air and atmospheric gas exchange between the water layer isolated, often in the restored state. Oxygen consumed by the life activities of crops can only be supplied to the roots by the oxygen supply tissues of the stems and leaves of the crops, and the oxygen is then secreted from the roots to cause the oxidative environment of the rhizosphere micro-areas to prevent the rice roots from being reduced by the surrounding reducing substances Poisoning. This is the secret that rice can grow in anoxic environments.
Therefore, the characteristics of paddy soil air conditions have obvious hierarchy and micro-area. In the tillage layer surface a few millimeters to 1 cm at the oxide layer, due to the state of iron compounds into high prices, soil color yellowish brown or yellow brown. In the oxide layer below the tillage layer for the reduction of the iron into the state of cheap compounds, soil color was gray or blue gray. However, near the rhizosphere of soil around, often due to the role of oxygen in rice root groups appear rust and rust.
③ soil air in the soil fertility status: soil air supply crop root respiration required oxygen. Such as hypoxia, root development is affected, water absorption and absorption of weakening function, and even death. In particular, seed germination and seedling more so. Although rice has aeration tissue, the soil should also have some aeration performance, to facilitate the growth of rice roots.
In addition, soil air conditions affect soil microbial activity and nutrient conversion. Anoxic microorganisms mainly dominate anaerobic activity, which decomposes organic matter slowly, resulting in insufficient nutrients and even nitrogen losses. In the meantime, reducing toxic substances such as acetic acid, butyric acid and hydrogen sulfide are also produced. In addition, poor soil aeration is conducive to the growth of germs, causing crop infections, affecting crop growth and reducing production. Therefore, rice fields are often drained fields and sunning to regulate.
(3) soil warm conditions: soil temperature on crop growth and microbial activity in the soil and a variety of nutrients conversion, soil moisture evaporation and exercise have a great impact. Crops from sowing to maturity require certain temperature conditions, such as barley, wheat germinate at 1-2 ℃, while rice, cotton germination at 10-12 ℃. So timely sowing of different crops, is determined by the soil temperature. General soil microbial life, soil temperature 25 ℃ -37 ℃ suitable, the lowest is 5 ℃, the highest does not exceed 45 ℃ -50 ℃. Soil temperature is too low, microbial activity weakened, or even completely stopped, difficult to decompose organic matter, the lack of effective nutrients. Cold soaked field is the case, so to exclude cold water, additional pigs barn dung, lime, ash and fire ash to improve soil temperature.
① factors affecting the soil temperature: temperature is the performance of heat. Soil heat mainly comes from solar radiation heat, followed by microbial decomposition of organic matter, emit a certain amount of heat, soil temperature increased.
There are many factors affecting soil temperature changes, latitude, altitude, topography and aspect. But mainly soil thermal properties of the soil itself, such as soil heat capacity, thermal conductivity, endothermic and heat dissipation. In particular, heat capacity and thermal conductivity are the most important internal factors that determine soil temperature.
A. Soil heat capacity: The number of calories (calories / cm3 / degree) required for warming 1 ℃ per 1 cm3 of dry soil is called soil heat capacity. Water has a heat capacity of 1; air is 0.0003; soil particles are between about 0.5-0.6. As the soil solid part of the change is very small, so the size of the soil heat capacity is mainly determined by the amount of soil moisture and air, where less water and gas less heat capacity is large, slow warming, cooling is slow, small changes in temperature; the other hand, Soil temperature changes on the big. Therefore, management of paddy fields, early spring daytime drainage warming, night irrigation insulation; summer use of deep-fed cooling.
B, soil thermal conductivity: soil thermal conductivity refers to the performance of heat transfer from the higher temperature soil to the lower temperature soil. Its size and soil solid, liquid and gas phase ratio of the three components. The thermal conductivity of soil minerals is 100 times that of air; the water is 25 times that of air; the organic matter is 5 times that of air; and the air hardly transfers heat. This shows that the size of soil thermal conductivity depends on the relative proportions of air and moisture. Therefore, cultivating loose soil has reduced the thermal conductivity of the soil, so that the top soil temperature is not easy to pass down, deep soil temperature is not easy to lose.
The adjustment of soil temperature changes: the soil temperature changes with the meteorological factors, in order to meet the needs of crop growth and development, we must focus on increasing soil temperature in early spring, reducing soil temperature in summer, autumn and winter to maintain soil temperature goals, to take effective Measures.
A. Reasonable Irrigation: In the early spring, more irrigation and deep irrigation of cold water are needed to avoid the sudden drop of soil temperature and enhance the ability of seedlings to resist low temperature. During normal weather, shallow irrigation, warm ventilation and crop growth are used. Summer to enhance the soil heat dissipation mainly to take short-term irrigation of deep water and combined irrigation of open fields to achieve the purpose of cooling, ventilation, water supply, and promote crop growth and development. Autumn and winter season, the general combination of fertilization, the implementation of frost before irrigation, to reduce crop frost damage.
B, reasonable fertilization: Under the premise of guaranteeing adequate fertilizer, increase the application of organic fertilizer, such as fire ash, matured pig bulldozers and so on, to improve the soil temperature. First, deepen the soil color, increase soil heat absorption; Second, organic fertilizer decomposition in the release of heat; Third, the soil loose, increase air capacity and reduce soil heat capacity. In addition, the nutrition of the crop is directly increased.
C, the implementation of coverage: early spring and autumn and winter low season, the use of ash, chopped grass (aspen), dry (wet) cow dung, moss, plastic film covering the ground, can increase soil heat, reduce heat, insulation Antifreeze; summer and autumn during high temperature and drought, the straw or other crop straw covering the ground, shading sunscreen, reducing soil temperature role, while reducing evaporation and elimination of weeds.
D, cultivating loose soil: This is conducive to the increase of soil air capacity, reduce the surface soil heat conduction down and the role of soil temperature rise below. Therefore, in early spring, sticky compacted soil soil cultivation of loose soil to improve soil temperature and speed up the seed germination; cultivate loose soil in summer to ease the root activity layer soil temperature is too high, and promote crop root growth.
In addition, the use of wind barriers, windbreaks, fumigation and the use of chemical warming agent, can adjust the soil temperature, can be applied according to local conditions.
(4) Soil nutrient status: Most of the nutrients needed by crops come from the soil. However, most of the nutrients in the soil are found in the insoluble minerals and organic matter, which are delayed and can not be absorbed by crops. However, the fast-acting nutrient in ionic form, which can be absorbed and utilized by the crop, accounts for only 0.005-0.1% of the soil weight. It exists in aqueous solution and is adsorbed on the surface of soil colloids. However, this delayed-acting nutrient and fast-acting nutrient can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.
① conversion of organic carbon compounds: soil cellulose, starch, disaccharides, monosaccharides and fats and other organic matter, do not contain nitrogen. There are two cases of their transformation in soil:
First, good ventilation, by aerobic bacteria and fungi, rapid decomposition, the final generation of CO2 and H2O, and release a lot of heat. This heat is the source of energy required for the biodynamic activities of soil and the life activities of soil microbes. CO2 is an important raw material for crop photosynthesis.
Second, poor ventilation, by the role of anaerobic bacteria, slow decomposition, just release a small amount of heat and CO2, while the accumulation of large amounts of organic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid), methane, hydrogen and other reducing substances, obstacles crop growth and development. Such as rice, "turning the autumn" or "dissolution 蔸" phenomenon, is butyric acid damage. Therefore, paddy green pressure fertilizer, combined with lime, is to neutralize organic acids, eliminate rice poisoning.
Soil nitrogen conversion: organic nitrogen in soil accounts for more than 99%, inorganic nitrogen is less than 1%; paddy field total nitrogen content of about 0.1-0.2%, less inorganic nitrogen. Nitrogen absorbed by crops from the soil is largely converted from organic nitrogen. The formation of its conversion there are four main types:
A, ammonification: nitrogenous organic matter in the soil, such as protein, urea and chitin (chitin) in the role of ammoniated bacteria, the gradual decomposition of the release of ammonia, called the ammoniation. This process can be done regardless of ventilation. Ammonia and the acid in the soil combined into ammonium salt, for crop absorption and utilization, or adsorption by soil colloids.
B, nitrification: ammonia or ammonium salt in well-ventilated conditions, the nitrite bacteria, nitric acid bacteria, the role of conversion to nitric acid process, known as nitrification. Since this effect is carried out under well-aerated conditions, NO3-N is found in dry land and rare in paddy fields. NO3-N is a good crop nutrients, but can not be adsorbed by soil colloids, easy to lose with the water, so deep plowing loose soil, keep the soil moist, nitrification and prevent the loss of ammonia in the soil.
C, denitrification: When the soil is poorly aerated, and contains large amounts of fresh organic matter and nitrate in the soil, under the action of denitrifying bacteria, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen can not be used by crops to lose, this process is called denitrification effect. This effect has adverse effects on crop nutrient uptake and growth and must be discouraged. Paddy fields with shallow irrigation, open field ventilation and application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, dry soil after cultivating loose soil, can prevent the occurrence of denitrification.
D, biological nitrogen-deprived effect: inorganic nitrogen in the soil (such as ammonium, nitrate) by microorganisms, weeds, soil animals to absorb the use of synthetic biological body
1, soil fertility types: soil fertility refers to the ability of the soil to meet the crop growth and development of water, nutrients, air, heat and so called. Soil fertility is divided into natural and artificial fertility; potential fertility and effective fertility. The so-called natural fertility, refers to the natural soil before reclamation and utilization of fertility; artificial fertility refers to the people of the soil cultivation, fertilization, irrigation and other agricultural technical measures to create a new fertility.
Therefore, the longer agricultural and cultivated crops can be harvested in any soil, the better the technical measures that can be taken, and the greater the proportion of man-made fertility. So, soil is the object of labor, but also the product of labor. The so-called effective fertility, refers to the cultivation of crops, the crop is absorbed by the utilization of that part of the fertility; potential fertility refers to those existing in the soil, can not immediately be utilized by those crops that fertility. Potential fertility and effective fertility are mutually transformable with the proper implementation of agricultural technologies.
2, soil fertility factors: soil moisture, nutrients, air and temperature, known as the four major factors of soil fertility. Soil fertility level, not only by the number of each fertility factor appropriate or not, but mainly depends on the degree of coordination between water, fertilizer, gas, heat under certain conditions. Therefore, we must study and master the status of soil fertility factors and their relationship.
(1) soil moisture status. "Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture." First, the growth and development of crops require large amounts of water. This is because, for a typical crop to have a single crop, it must consume 500-1,000 points of water, which is supplied from the soil; the nutrients absorbed by crops also need to be dissolved in water before they can be used; the activity of soil microorganisms and the soil Nutrient decomposition and conversion require water.
Second, moisture directly affects the soil air and heat conditions, but also affects the soil's properties such as swelling, cohesion, cohesion and tillage. This shows that soil moisture is not only necessary for crop growth and development, but also can control the relationship between soil moisture to make the relationship between fertilizer, gas and heat.
① soil moisture type: soil moisture by its different forces, generally divided into three types:
A, irreducible water: This is the gravitational effect of the soil surface, tightly bound to the water around the soil particles and called. This water moves very slowly in the soil, and some do not move on the soil surface, it is difficult to be absorbed by crops. When the soil moisture reached only the bound water, the crop wilted. As the soil particles finer, absorb more water, so the bound water of clay is greater than the sand.
B, capillary water: This is called capillary water in the soil under the capillary gravity to maintain the tiny pores in the soil water. This water can move along the capillary pores in all directions up, down, left and right. The law of its movement from the humidity of the soil to move to a small soil moisture. It is the most suitable soil for water absorption and utilization of crops. As water is soluble in various crops, it provides nutrients for the crop.
Oil sand, tidal sand, the emergence of "resurgence" or "return Run" phenomenon, is the capillary water rise movement, the introduction of groundwater into the ground because of the reason. However, the capillary water movement will cause surface evaporation to occur constantly, resulting in the loss of soil moisture. Therefore, it is often used in production to cultivate loose soil, which has the effect of cutting off the soil capillary and reducing soil water evaporation.
C, gravity water: This is in the soil moisture content exceeds the soil capillary force range, excessive water leakage under the influence of gravity down, this seepage water is called gravity water. It is the most effective water for rice. Although the leakage may cause leaking and leaking, proper leakage is necessary both for paddy field and dry land. It is conducive to the renewal of soil air and the downward movement and leaching of harmful reducing substances.
② Paddy soil moisture status: Paddy soil during flooded period, tillage layer of water saturated with state, due to gravity, continuous vertical leakage. According to the vertical leakage characteristics of water, paddy soil is divided into three types.
A, groundwater type: this type of paddy soil, groundwater level is high (groundwater level within 60 cm from the surface), poor drainage, irrigation water and groundwater connected, poor permeability, low mud temperature, such as cold dip fields, mud fields And deep duck feces soil belongs to it.
B, surface water: This type of paddy soil, deep water table (more than 150 cm), irrigation infiltration can not reach the groundwater layer, drainage is good, but not resistant to drought. Such as Kaohtian, Tianshui and most of the terraces.
C, good water type: This type of paddy soil, groundwater level between 60-150 cm, the irrigation water layer and the groundwater level is not connected, but the soil capillary water can flow up and down, these fields are generally distributed in the field above or Row, two rows of fields belong.
Three types of paddy soils, with good water-based soil fertility is best, generally high and stable yield paddy fields. Appropriate seepage is necessary for paddy soils, which help to renew the air in the soil and eliminate toxic substances. Of course, not too large, so as to avoid nutrient leaching. Generally 1-inch water can be stored in irrigation for three days, that leakage is 0.5-1.0 cm / 24 hours the most appropriate.
(2) Soil air condition: Soil air is closely related to soil microbial activity and nutrient conversion, and also affects crop root development. Crop growth and development of the various stages of the soil air have certain requirements.
① The composition of soil air: the air in the soil, part of which is entered by the atmosphere; and partly by the biochemical processes in the soil. Due to the influence of the life activities of organisms in the soil (crop roots and microbes) and the decomposition of organic matter, the continuous depletion of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide and other gases causes a significant difference between the composition of air in the atmosphere and the atmosphere: the oxygen content of soil air is below Air, and carbon dioxide content is higher than the atmosphere; In addition the soil air is often saturated with water vapor, atmospheric humidity is generally only 50-90%; soil air sometimes contain a small amount of reducing gas, such as methane, hydrogen, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide .
The characteristics of paddy soil air conditions: paddy soil seasonal or perennial flooding, soil air and atmospheric gas exchange between the water layer isolated, often in the restored state. Oxygen consumed by the life activities of crops can only be supplied to the roots by the oxygen supply tissues of the stems and leaves of the crops, and the oxygen is then secreted from the roots to cause the oxidative environment of the rhizosphere micro-areas to prevent the rice roots from being reduced by the surrounding reducing substances Poisoning. This is the secret that rice can grow in anoxic environments.
Therefore, the characteristics of paddy soil air conditions have obvious hierarchy and micro-area. In the tillage layer surface a few millimeters to 1 cm at the oxide layer, due to the state of iron compounds into high prices, soil color yellowish brown or yellow brown. In the oxide layer below the tillage layer for the reduction of the iron into the state of cheap compounds, soil color was gray or blue gray. However, near the rhizosphere of soil around, often due to the role of oxygen in rice root groups appear rust and rust.
③ soil air in the soil fertility status: soil air supply crop root respiration required oxygen. Such as hypoxia, root development is affected, water absorption and absorption of weakening function, and even death. In particular, seed germination and seedling more so. Although rice has aeration tissue, the soil should also have some aeration performance, to facilitate the growth of rice roots.
In addition, soil air conditions affect soil microbial activity and nutrient conversion. Anoxic microorganisms mainly dominate anaerobic activity, which decomposes organic matter slowly, resulting in insufficient nutrients and even nitrogen losses. In the meantime, reducing toxic substances such as acetic acid, butyric acid and hydrogen sulfide are also produced. In addition, poor soil aeration is conducive to the growth of germs, causing crop infections, affecting crop growth and reducing production. Therefore, rice fields are often drained fields and sunning to regulate.
(3) soil warm conditions: soil temperature on crop growth and microbial activity in the soil and a variety of nutrients conversion, soil moisture evaporation and exercise have a great impact. Crops from sowing to maturity require certain temperature conditions, such as barley, wheat germinate at 1-2 ℃, while rice, cotton germination at 10-12 ℃. So timely sowing of different crops, is determined by the soil temperature. General soil microbial life, soil temperature 25 ℃ -37 ℃ suitable, the lowest is 5 ℃, the highest does not exceed 45 ℃ -50 ℃. Soil temperature is too low, microbial activity weakened, or even completely stopped, difficult to decompose organic matter, the lack of effective nutrients. Cold soaked field is the case, so to exclude cold water, additional pigs barn dung, lime, ash and fire ash to improve soil temperature.
① factors affecting the soil temperature: temperature is the performance of heat. Soil heat mainly comes from solar radiation heat, followed by microbial decomposition of organic matter, emit a certain amount of heat, soil temperature increased.
There are many factors affecting soil temperature changes, latitude, altitude, topography and aspect. But mainly soil thermal properties of the soil itself, such as soil heat capacity, thermal conductivity, endothermic and heat dissipation. In particular, heat capacity and thermal conductivity are the most important internal factors that determine soil temperature.
A. Soil heat capacity: The number of calories (calories / cm3 / degree) required for warming 1 ℃ per 1 cm3 of dry soil is called soil heat capacity. Water has a heat capacity of 1; air is 0.0003; soil particles are between about 0.5-0.6. As the soil solid part of the change is very small, so the size of the soil heat capacity is mainly determined by the amount of soil moisture and air, where less water and gas less heat capacity is large, slow warming, cooling is slow, small changes in temperature; the other hand, Soil temperature changes on the big. Therefore, management of paddy fields, early spring daytime drainage warming, night irrigation insulation; summer use of deep-fed cooling.
B, soil thermal conductivity: soil thermal conductivity refers to the performance of heat transfer from the higher temperature soil to the lower temperature soil. Its size and soil solid, liquid and gas phase ratio of the three components. The thermal conductivity of soil minerals is 100 times that of air; the water is 25 times that of air; the organic matter is 5 times that of air; and the air hardly transfers heat. This shows that the size of soil thermal conductivity depends on the relative proportions of air and moisture. Therefore, cultivating loose soil has reduced the thermal conductivity of the soil, so that the top soil temperature is not easy to pass down, deep soil temperature is not easy to lose.
The adjustment of soil temperature changes: the soil temperature changes with the meteorological factors, in order to meet the needs of crop growth and development, we must focus on increasing soil temperature in early spring, reducing soil temperature in summer, autumn and winter to maintain soil temperature goals, to take effective Measures.
A. Reasonable Irrigation: In the early spring, more irrigation and deep irrigation of cold water are needed to avoid the sudden drop of soil temperature and enhance the ability of seedlings to resist low temperature. During normal weather, shallow irrigation, warm ventilation and crop growth are used. Summer to enhance the soil heat dissipation mainly to take short-term irrigation of deep water and combined irrigation of open fields to achieve the purpose of cooling, ventilation, water supply, and promote crop growth and development. Autumn and winter season, the general combination of fertilization, the implementation of frost before irrigation, to reduce crop frost damage.
B, reasonable fertilization: Under the premise of guaranteeing adequate fertilizer, increase the application of organic fertilizer, such as fire ash, matured pig bulldozers and so on, to improve the soil temperature. First, deepen the soil color, increase soil heat absorption; Second, organic fertilizer decomposition in the release of heat; Third, the soil loose, increase air capacity and reduce soil heat capacity. In addition, the nutrition of the crop is directly increased.
C, the implementation of coverage: early spring and autumn and winter low season, the use of ash, chopped grass (aspen), dry (wet) cow dung, moss, plastic film covering the ground, can increase soil heat, reduce heat, insulation Antifreeze; summer and autumn during high temperature and drought, the straw or other crop straw covering the ground, shading sunscreen, reducing soil temperature role, while reducing evaporation and elimination of weeds.
D, cultivating loose soil: This is conducive to the increase of soil air capacity, reduce the surface soil heat conduction down and the role of soil temperature rise below. Therefore, in early spring, sticky compacted soil soil cultivation of loose soil to improve soil temperature and speed up the seed germination; cultivate loose soil in summer to ease the root activity layer soil temperature is too high, and promote crop root growth.
In addition, the use of wind barriers, windbreaks, fumigation and the use of chemical warming agent, can adjust the soil temperature, can be applied according to local conditions.
(4) Soil nutrient status: Most of the nutrients needed by crops come from the soil. However, most of the nutrients in the soil are found in the insoluble minerals and organic matter, which are delayed and can not be absorbed by crops. However, the fast-acting nutrient in ionic form, which can be absorbed and utilized by the crop, accounts for only 0.005-0.1% of the soil weight. It exists in aqueous solution and is adsorbed on the surface of soil colloids. However, this delayed-acting nutrient and fast-acting nutrient can be transformed into each other under certain conditions.
① conversion of organic carbon compounds: soil cellulose, starch, disaccharides, monosaccharides and fats and other organic matter, do not contain nitrogen. There are two cases of their transformation in soil:
First, good ventilation, by aerobic bacteria and fungi, rapid decomposition, the final generation of CO2 and H2O, and release a lot of heat. This heat is the source of energy required for the biodynamic activities of soil and the life activities of soil microbes. CO2 is an important raw material for crop photosynthesis.
Second, poor ventilation, by the role of anaerobic bacteria, slow decomposition, just release a small amount of heat and CO2, while the accumulation of large amounts of organic acids (acetic acid, butyric acid), methane, hydrogen and other reducing substances, obstacles crop growth and development. Such as rice, "turning the autumn" or "dissolution 蔸" phenomenon, is butyric acid damage. Therefore, paddy green pressure fertilizer, combined with lime, is to neutralize organic acids, eliminate rice poisoning.
Soil nitrogen conversion: organic nitrogen in soil accounts for more than 99%, inorganic nitrogen is less than 1%; paddy field total nitrogen content of about 0.1-0.2%, less inorganic nitrogen. Nitrogen absorbed by crops from the soil is largely converted from organic nitrogen. The formation of its conversion there are four main types:
A, ammonification: nitrogenous organic matter in the soil, such as protein, urea and chitin (chitin) in the role of ammoniated bacteria, the gradual decomposition of the release of ammonia, called the ammoniation. This process can be done regardless of ventilation. Ammonia and the acid in the soil combined into ammonium salt, for crop absorption and utilization, or adsorption by soil colloids.
B, nitrification: ammonia or ammonium salt in well-ventilated conditions, the nitrite bacteria, nitric acid bacteria, the role of conversion to nitric acid process, known as nitrification. Since this effect is carried out under well-aerated conditions, NO3-N is found in dry land and rare in paddy fields. NO3-N is a good crop nutrients, but can not be adsorbed by soil colloids, easy to lose with the water, so deep plowing loose soil, keep the soil moist, nitrification and prevent the loss of ammonia in the soil.
C, denitrification: When the soil is poorly aerated, and contains large amounts of fresh organic matter and nitrate in the soil, under the action of denitrifying bacteria, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen can not be used by crops to lose, this process is called denitrification effect. This effect has adverse effects on crop nutrient uptake and growth and must be discouraged. Paddy fields with shallow irrigation, open field ventilation and application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, dry soil after cultivating loose soil, can prevent the occurrence of denitrification.
D, biological nitrogen-deprived effect: inorganic nitrogen in the soil (such as ammonium, nitrate) by microorganisms, weeds, soil animals to absorb the use of synthetic biological body
The most complete soil knowledge
(A) soil and its traits
1. The concept of soil: Soviet soil scientist Williams pointed out: "The soil is a loose surface that grows green plants on Earth's land." This definition correctly expresses the basic functions and characteristics of the soil. The reason why the soil can grow green plants, because of its unique nature - fertility. The special nature of soil is the basis for distinguishing soil from anything else. Although soil fertility is related to soil material composition, it is mainly affected by soil properties.
2, the main characteristics of the soil
(1) soil texture: the proportion of soil and sand called soil texture. Soil particles smaller than 0.01 mm in diameter are called mud; soil particles with a diameter of 1-0.01 mm are called sand; and soil particles larger than 1 mm in diameter are called gravel. The soil is divided into sandy soil, clay soil and loamy soil according to different soil texture.
① Sand: This kind of soil contains more than 80% of sandy grains, large intergranular macropores, and soil bulk density of 1.4-1.7 g / cm3. Therefore, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the permeability is good. The mineralization of organic matter Fast, easy to cultivate, but poor water retention and fertility, water easy to get together, fertility is generally low. Planting crops to increase the application of organic fertilizer and a small amount of ground chasing fertilizer several times.
② Clay: This kind of soil contains more than 60% of mud and the proportion of soil is 2.6-2.7 g / cm 3. Soil hardness, adhesion, cohesion and plasticity are strong, so poor adaptability. Soil water and fertility, potential fertility higher. However, soil tillage, soil temperature is low, fertilizer is not easy to play. Therefore, paddy fields should pay attention to water control, increase mud temperature, apply more maturity organic fertilizer and heat fertilizer.
Loam: This kind of soil has a moderate proportion of silt, which accounts for 40-55% of the total, and 45-60% of the stick (mud). Soil bulk density of 1.1-1.4 g / cm 3. Easy texture, breathable water, water and fertility, farming plow. Therefore, it is water, fertilizer, gas, heat and coordination of high-quality soil.
(2) soil structure: the formation of aggregates of soil properties, known as soil structure. Where soil particles cemented into a diameter of 1-10 mm granular granular soil structure, known as the aggregate structure. This is the best kind of soil structure. The formation of two conditions:
First, cementing material. Soil cement is the most important clay particles, the newly formed humus and microbial mycelium and secretions. Together with the calcium, these substances form a water-stable granular granular soil structure that is porous and nutrient-rich and resistant to blistering. Therefore, the application of calcareous fertilizers (lime, gypsum) favors the formation of aggregate structures.
Second, the role of external compression. Any crop root interspersed, alternating wet and dry, alternating freeze-thaw and farming are agglomeration of the soil particles have a certain external force squeeze, so that broken into a certain size of the pellet. Deep tillage, no tillage, drip irrigation, and rotation of water and soil all contributed to the formation of soil aggregate structure.
The specific performance of the pellet structure:
First, it can coordinate the contradiction between soil moisture and air. Due to the existence of large pores between the particles, there are capillary pores within the pellet, which is conducive to moisture, nutrients, air exist between the three. So that the soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat conditions coordinated.
Second, have a good nutritional status. With the solution of water and gas contradictory, but also solve the contradiction between moisture and nutrients. Because the surface of the pellet is often gas-sensitive decomposition, pellet internal and also for the gas decomposition, the former is conducive to soil nutrient release to the crop absorption, the latter is conducive to the accumulation of soil humus, nutrient preservation. The contradictory coordination of water and nutrients can supply crops simultaneously and continuously.
Third, make the soil soft and appropriate. The soil with pellet structure is loose and porous with low plowing resistance, tillage and labor saving, good quality of tilling, fine and uniform soil, not hard and not floating sludge, Also small.
(3) soil absorption. Soil has the ability to absorb solids, liquids and gases. Its absorption method is divided into five kinds.
① mechanical absorption: This refers to the soil will be suspended in the soil than the pores and the solution (such as bone meal, cake fertilizer, phosphate rock powder and fecal residue, etc.) of the fine particles mechanically blocked, so that no seepage with the soil and flow away A role. As the smaller the soil particles, arranged more closely, the finer the soil pores, so the stronger the mechanical absorption, the soil fertilizer performance like. This effect on the newly modified rice fields, new reservoirs, pond dam conducive to enhance the function of retaining water.
② Physical Absorption: It means that soil colloids rely on their surface energy to adsorb molecular nutrients on the surface, while colloids and adsorbed materials can not afford any chemical reaction. This role, due to the maintenance of molecular nutrients, therefore, soil ammonia, urea, amino acids and other molecular nitrogen will reduce the evaporation loss. This is the reason why complex soils are often required when applying volatile ammonium nitrogen fertilizers.
③ chemical absorption: This refers to the soluble nutrients in the soil (such as certain ions and charged with different ions in the chemical role), by the role of pure chemical insoluble precipitate formed and fixed in the soil. Although this effect can reduce the loss of soluble nutrients, the nutrients that are immobilized can hardly be absorbed and utilized by the crops, thus reducing the utilization rate of nutrients. Therefore, the concentration of phosphate fertilizer or fertilizer mixed with organic fertilizer, made of ball fertilizer and root spraying, is to avoid the occurrence of chemical absorption and reduce soil phosphate fixation.
④ Substitution Absorption: This is also known as physical and chemical absorption. It refers to the surface of soil colloids adsorbed with many ions with opposite charges at the same time, its surface has the equivalent charge of other ions are replaced out of the role. Its essence is a kind of ion (cation or anion) substitution process, the ions absorbed by the soil colloid and the ions in the soil solution are replacing each other. So this effect is reversible, that is absorbed by the colloid ions, but also to be replaced by other ions to the solution. Thus, this role is of great importance in regulating the storage and supply of soluble nutrients in the soil.
⑤ biological absorption: This refers to living in the soil of microorganisms and crop roots and animals, absorb nutrients constitute the body and retained in the soil in a performance. Because organisms are based on their own needs, from the soil solution to choose to absorb a variety of soluble nutrients, the formation of organisms. When they die, the organic debris is gradually decomposed, releasing nutrients for crop absorption and utilization. Therefore, the role of bio-absorption, can maintain nutrients, nutrients accumulation, improve soil fertility.
(4) soil pH. Soil pH refers to the amount of H + and OHˉ present in the soil solution. Usually PH value. When PH = 7 is a neutral reaction, then the number of H + and OH ˉ in the solution is equal; when pH is less than 7, it is an acidic reaction, then H + is more than OH ˉ; if H is more than 7, it is a basic reaction, then H + is less than OH ˉ. Soil pH according to the size of its PH value is divided into seven levels:
PH <4.5 strong acidity
PH 4.5-5.5 Acid
PH5.5-6.5 slightly acidic
PH6.5-7.5 Neutral or near neutral
PH7.5-8.5 slightly alkaline
PH8.5-9.5 Alkaline
PH> 9.5 strongly alkaline
① causes of soil acidity and alkalinity: the reason why the soil has acid-base, mainly soil acid-base substances. The H + source is mainly H + and Al + 3 adsorbed on soil colloids; the second is the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water to form carbonic acid:
H2CO3 = H ++ HCO3ˉ, HCO3ˉ = H ++ CO3ˉ
In addition, there are organic acids (butyric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and the like) generated during decomposition of organic matter, acid formed by chemical changes (such as oxidation of sulfurous minerals) and the application of fertilizers during rock weathering (NH4) 2SO4, NH4Cl]. When NH4 + is absorbed by crops, the acid radicals (SO4-2, Clˉ) often left in the soil can increase the soil acidity.
The sources of OHˉ are mainly the hydrolysis of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and other salts in the soil and the substitution of sodium in soil colloids to form strong alkali conversion results.
For example: Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2CO3
NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + H2CO3
② crop adaptability to soil pH: strong acid and alkaline soil are not conducive to crop growth. Different crops require different soil pH. Such as tea tree is only suitable for growth in acidic soil, such as azalea, massoniana, red bayberry, garlic dishes, is the indicator of acid soil plants; and Tianzhu, round cypress, cypress wood is an indicator of calcareous soil.
In addition, soil pH has a great influence on the availability of nutrients and the activities of beneficial microorganisms. Soil over-base also affects the formation of well-structured soil (now without elaborating), and these undoubtedly directly or indirectly affect Crop growth and development.
(5) Soil cushioning properties: The ability of the soil to resist the acidification or alkalization of the soil solution after the addition of acid and alkali substances in the soil is referred to as the soil buffer performance. Substitution of soil colloids exist on the cation, a buffer effect on the acid.
This is because the substitution of soil colloids (base ions or H +) is substituted into the solution to form neutral salts or H 2 O, which can make the soil pH stable and provide good environmental conditions for the growth of crops and microorganisms , But also provide the basis for guiding fertilization. The application of organic fertilizers, soil (pond mud) fertilizers, lime and green manure to soils are all effective measures to improve soil cushioning properties.
1. The concept of soil: Soviet soil scientist Williams pointed out: "The soil is a loose surface that grows green plants on Earth's land." This definition correctly expresses the basic functions and characteristics of the soil. The reason why the soil can grow green plants, because of its unique nature - fertility. The special nature of soil is the basis for distinguishing soil from anything else. Although soil fertility is related to soil material composition, it is mainly affected by soil properties.
2, the main characteristics of the soil
(1) soil texture: the proportion of soil and sand called soil texture. Soil particles smaller than 0.01 mm in diameter are called mud; soil particles with a diameter of 1-0.01 mm are called sand; and soil particles larger than 1 mm in diameter are called gravel. The soil is divided into sandy soil, clay soil and loamy soil according to different soil texture.
① Sand: This kind of soil contains more than 80% of sandy grains, large intergranular macropores, and soil bulk density of 1.4-1.7 g / cm3. Therefore, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the permeability is good. The mineralization of organic matter Fast, easy to cultivate, but poor water retention and fertility, water easy to get together, fertility is generally low. Planting crops to increase the application of organic fertilizer and a small amount of ground chasing fertilizer several times.
② Clay: This kind of soil contains more than 60% of mud and the proportion of soil is 2.6-2.7 g / cm 3. Soil hardness, adhesion, cohesion and plasticity are strong, so poor adaptability. Soil water and fertility, potential fertility higher. However, soil tillage, soil temperature is low, fertilizer is not easy to play. Therefore, paddy fields should pay attention to water control, increase mud temperature, apply more maturity organic fertilizer and heat fertilizer.
Loam: This kind of soil has a moderate proportion of silt, which accounts for 40-55% of the total, and 45-60% of the stick (mud). Soil bulk density of 1.1-1.4 g / cm 3. Easy texture, breathable water, water and fertility, farming plow. Therefore, it is water, fertilizer, gas, heat and coordination of high-quality soil.
(2) soil structure: the formation of aggregates of soil properties, known as soil structure. Where soil particles cemented into a diameter of 1-10 mm granular granular soil structure, known as the aggregate structure. This is the best kind of soil structure. The formation of two conditions:
First, cementing material. Soil cement is the most important clay particles, the newly formed humus and microbial mycelium and secretions. Together with the calcium, these substances form a water-stable granular granular soil structure that is porous and nutrient-rich and resistant to blistering. Therefore, the application of calcareous fertilizers (lime, gypsum) favors the formation of aggregate structures.
Second, the role of external compression. Any crop root interspersed, alternating wet and dry, alternating freeze-thaw and farming are agglomeration of the soil particles have a certain external force squeeze, so that broken into a certain size of the pellet. Deep tillage, no tillage, drip irrigation, and rotation of water and soil all contributed to the formation of soil aggregate structure.
The specific performance of the pellet structure:
First, it can coordinate the contradiction between soil moisture and air. Due to the existence of large pores between the particles, there are capillary pores within the pellet, which is conducive to moisture, nutrients, air exist between the three. So that the soil water, fertilizer, gas and heat conditions coordinated.
Second, have a good nutritional status. With the solution of water and gas contradictory, but also solve the contradiction between moisture and nutrients. Because the surface of the pellet is often gas-sensitive decomposition, pellet internal and also for the gas decomposition, the former is conducive to soil nutrient release to the crop absorption, the latter is conducive to the accumulation of soil humus, nutrient preservation. The contradictory coordination of water and nutrients can supply crops simultaneously and continuously.
Third, make the soil soft and appropriate. The soil with pellet structure is loose and porous with low plowing resistance, tillage and labor saving, good quality of tilling, fine and uniform soil, not hard and not floating sludge, Also small.
(3) soil absorption. Soil has the ability to absorb solids, liquids and gases. Its absorption method is divided into five kinds.
① mechanical absorption: This refers to the soil will be suspended in the soil than the pores and the solution (such as bone meal, cake fertilizer, phosphate rock powder and fecal residue, etc.) of the fine particles mechanically blocked, so that no seepage with the soil and flow away A role. As the smaller the soil particles, arranged more closely, the finer the soil pores, so the stronger the mechanical absorption, the soil fertilizer performance like. This effect on the newly modified rice fields, new reservoirs, pond dam conducive to enhance the function of retaining water.
② Physical Absorption: It means that soil colloids rely on their surface energy to adsorb molecular nutrients on the surface, while colloids and adsorbed materials can not afford any chemical reaction. This role, due to the maintenance of molecular nutrients, therefore, soil ammonia, urea, amino acids and other molecular nitrogen will reduce the evaporation loss. This is the reason why complex soils are often required when applying volatile ammonium nitrogen fertilizers.
③ chemical absorption: This refers to the soluble nutrients in the soil (such as certain ions and charged with different ions in the chemical role), by the role of pure chemical insoluble precipitate formed and fixed in the soil. Although this effect can reduce the loss of soluble nutrients, the nutrients that are immobilized can hardly be absorbed and utilized by the crops, thus reducing the utilization rate of nutrients. Therefore, the concentration of phosphate fertilizer or fertilizer mixed with organic fertilizer, made of ball fertilizer and root spraying, is to avoid the occurrence of chemical absorption and reduce soil phosphate fixation.
④ Substitution Absorption: This is also known as physical and chemical absorption. It refers to the surface of soil colloids adsorbed with many ions with opposite charges at the same time, its surface has the equivalent charge of other ions are replaced out of the role. Its essence is a kind of ion (cation or anion) substitution process, the ions absorbed by the soil colloid and the ions in the soil solution are replacing each other. So this effect is reversible, that is absorbed by the colloid ions, but also to be replaced by other ions to the solution. Thus, this role is of great importance in regulating the storage and supply of soluble nutrients in the soil.
⑤ biological absorption: This refers to living in the soil of microorganisms and crop roots and animals, absorb nutrients constitute the body and retained in the soil in a performance. Because organisms are based on their own needs, from the soil solution to choose to absorb a variety of soluble nutrients, the formation of organisms. When they die, the organic debris is gradually decomposed, releasing nutrients for crop absorption and utilization. Therefore, the role of bio-absorption, can maintain nutrients, nutrients accumulation, improve soil fertility.
(4) soil pH. Soil pH refers to the amount of H + and OHˉ present in the soil solution. Usually PH value. When PH = 7 is a neutral reaction, then the number of H + and OH ˉ in the solution is equal; when pH is less than 7, it is an acidic reaction, then H + is more than OH ˉ; if H is more than 7, it is a basic reaction, then H + is less than OH ˉ. Soil pH according to the size of its PH value is divided into seven levels:
PH <4.5 strong acidity
PH 4.5-5.5 Acid
PH5.5-6.5 slightly acidic
PH6.5-7.5 Neutral or near neutral
PH7.5-8.5 slightly alkaline
PH8.5-9.5 Alkaline
PH> 9.5 strongly alkaline
① causes of soil acidity and alkalinity: the reason why the soil has acid-base, mainly soil acid-base substances. The H + source is mainly H + and Al + 3 adsorbed on soil colloids; the second is the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water to form carbonic acid:
H2CO3 = H ++ HCO3ˉ, HCO3ˉ = H ++ CO3ˉ
In addition, there are organic acids (butyric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and the like) generated during decomposition of organic matter, acid formed by chemical changes (such as oxidation of sulfurous minerals) and the application of fertilizers during rock weathering (NH4) 2SO4, NH4Cl]. When NH4 + is absorbed by crops, the acid radicals (SO4-2, Clˉ) often left in the soil can increase the soil acidity.
The sources of OHˉ are mainly the hydrolysis of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and other salts in the soil and the substitution of sodium in soil colloids to form strong alkali conversion results.
For example: Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2CO3
NaHCO3 + H2O NaOH + H2CO3
② crop adaptability to soil pH: strong acid and alkaline soil are not conducive to crop growth. Different crops require different soil pH. Such as tea tree is only suitable for growth in acidic soil, such as azalea, massoniana, red bayberry, garlic dishes, is the indicator of acid soil plants; and Tianzhu, round cypress, cypress wood is an indicator of calcareous soil.
In addition, soil pH has a great influence on the availability of nutrients and the activities of beneficial microorganisms. Soil over-base also affects the formation of well-structured soil (now without elaborating), and these undoubtedly directly or indirectly affect Crop growth and development.
(5) Soil cushioning properties: The ability of the soil to resist the acidification or alkalization of the soil solution after the addition of acid and alkali substances in the soil is referred to as the soil buffer performance. Substitution of soil colloids exist on the cation, a buffer effect on the acid.
This is because the substitution of soil colloids (base ions or H +) is substituted into the solution to form neutral salts or H 2 O, which can make the soil pH stable and provide good environmental conditions for the growth of crops and microorganisms , But also provide the basis for guiding fertilization. The application of organic fertilizers, soil (pond mud) fertilizers, lime and green manure to soils are all effective measures to improve soil cushioning properties.
2018年2月5日星期一
Sewage treatment plant effluent phosphorus non-compliance?
Wastewater biological phosphorus removal is the use of phosphorus excess phosphorus absorption phenomenon. Polyphosphate bacteria release anaerobic phosphorus under anaerobic conditions. After entering the aerobic zone, polyphosphate accumulating PHB aerobic decomposition, the release of a large number of energy available for phosphorus accumulation and growth of bacteria.
Microorganisms absorb much more phosphorus under aerobic conditions than phosphorus released under anaerobic conditions. As the system often discharges excess sludge, phosphorus that is ingested excessively by the bacteria will also be discharged from the system, resulting in better phosphorus removal.
02 affect the phosphorus removal factors
1, dissolved oxygen
First, anaerobic areas must be controlled strictly anaerobic environment. This is directly related to the growth of polyphosphate bacteria, phosphorus release capacity and the ability to use organic substrates PBH synthesis.
Secondly, it is necessary to provide sufficient dissolved oxygen in the aerobic zone. To meet the polyphosphate bacteria stored PHB degradation, release sufficient energy for its excessive use of phosphorus, in order to effectively absorb phosphorus in wastewater.
The general anaerobic DO should be strictly controlled at 0.2mg / L or less, two aerobic DO should be controlled at 2mg / L or more.
2, nitrate content
The presence of nitrate nitrogen also consumes the organic matrix and inhibits the release of phosphorus by the polyphosphate bacteria, which in turn affects the absorption of phosphorus by the polyphosphate bacteria under aerobic conditions. In addition, the presence of nitrate nitrogen will be part of the polyphosphate as an electron acceptor for denitrification, thus affecting its fermentation products as electron acceptors for fermentation acid production, inhibition of phosphorus-releasing phosphorus and phosphorus-capturing capacity and PBH Synthesis ability.
3, temperature
In general, in the range of 5 ~ 30 ℃, can receive better phosphorus removal effect
4, PH value
PH value of 6 to 8, the release of phosphorus is relatively stable
5, BOD5 load and organic properties
Generally believed that the influent BOD5 / TP greater than 15, we can get the ideal phosphorus removal. For this purpose, a partial inflow of water and a method across the primary sedimentation tank can be used to obtain the amount of BOD5 required for phosphorus removal.
6, mud age
The general purpose of phosphorus removal biological treatment system to control the sludge age 3.5 ~ 7d.
03 sewage biological phosphorus removal process
Phosphorus removal process can be divided into the main process of phosphorus removal process and the side of two types of phosphorus removal process.
In the anaerobic section of mainstream phosphorus removal process, the representative processes include A / O, A2 / O, Bardenpho, Phoredox, UCT, modified UCT, SBR and oxidation ditch.
Flow anaerobic phosphorus removal process is not in the direction of flow, but in the return flow of the measured flow on the sludge. Such as Phostrip process.
Biological phosphorus removal process advantages: phosphorus removal effect is good, and can improve sludge settling performance, reduce the phenomenon of activated sludge expansion. Here are a few commonly used processes.
1, A2 / O process
A2 / O process is based on the A / O process adds an anoxic phase, so that the mixture in the aerobic zone back to the anoxic zone denitrification and denitrification, so that the combination of phosphorus and nitrogen removal. Narrow the aeration zone volume.
However, due to the internal circulation, only a small part of the remaining sludge discharged by the system has undergone a complete phosphorus-phosphorus uptake process, and the rest basically enters the aerobic zone directly from the anoxic zone without being anaerobic, Adverse. And in order to reduce the nitrate in the return sludge, the reflux of the mixture must be increased to increase the power consumption.
2, Phostrip process
The process combines biological and chemical phosphorus removal method, part of the return sludge (about 10% to 20% of the influent flow) diverted to the anaerobic phosphorus pool, the sludge in the anaerobic pool usually stay 8 ~ 12 h, phosphorus accumulation in the anaerobic pond phosphorus release, dephosphorization of the sludge back to the aeration tank to continue phosphorus. The phosphorus-containing supernatant into the chemical sedimentation tank, adding lime precipitation. Its phosphorus removal efficiency can reach more than 90%, phosphorus content in treated effluent can be lower than 1mg · L-1, adaptability to influent water quality fluctuation is less affected by influent BOD, and phosphorus is mostly used as lime The form of sludge is removed by sedimentation, so that the sludge treatment is not as complex as the excess phosphorus sludge.
3, oxidation ditch process
Oxidation ditch process due to its special mode of operation, the formation of space oxygen, aerobic alternating changes, to achieve the purpose of nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal. It can run at low load and longer mud-age conditions, saving 10% to 20% more energy than conventional processes due to no back-flow. If the water volume or load is high, the process will account for the ground will be great.
All biological phosphorus removal system has the following characteristics: to ensure that the anaerobic zone really in an anaerobic state, there is neither free dissolved oxygen, there is no nitrate and other bound oxygen, such as by changing the sludge return and path In order to avoid nitrate into the anaerobic zone, and to prevent denitrification in anaerobic zone of phosphorus anaerobic phosphorus release of the competitive inhibition; to ensure that the anaerobic zone of water biodegradable organic content, so that poly phosphorus Bacteria in the competition with other bacteria on foodstuffs dominance, such as water can be added in the initial sludge acidic fermentation broth.
04 phosphorus removal facilities management of the operation of what matters
1, anaerobic section is the most critical part of biological phosphorus removal, the volume generally determined by the hydraulic retention time 0.5 ~ 2h, if the water content of biodegradable organic matter is higher, you should try to reduce the hydraulic retention time to ensure that aerobic Section into the water BOD5 content.
2, if the phosphorus emission standards are high, and the selected phosphorus removal process can not meet the effluent requirements, you can add chemical phosphorus removal or filtration to remove low levels of phosphorus remaining in the water.
3, in the sludge treatment process if an anaerobic state, the remaining sludge in the phosphorus will be re-released. Concentration of gravity prone to anaerobic state, phosphorus removal requirements of the remaining sludge can not use this method, but should use the air concentration, mechanical concentration, belt gravity concentration and other non-anaerobic enrichment method. If only gravity concentration is the only option, a chemical precipitation facility must be added to the process to remove the phosphorus contained in the concentrated supernatant.
4, mud age is an important factor affecting biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The higher denitrification requirements, the longer the required sludge age, the more detrimental to phosphorus removal. Especially in the water BOD5 / TP is less than 20, the muddy age to control the shorter the better. However, if the influent BOD5 is low and the activated sludge grows slowly, it is impossible to control the mud age too short, at this time, chemical phosphorus removal is required.
FIC2018 four highlights by color
The annual China International Food Additives and Ingredients Exhibition - FIC2018 will be held March 22-24, 2018 in Shanghai's National Convention and Exhibition Center. Although the FIC2018 has an exhibition area of 10,000 square meters larger than in 2017, it is still 4 months before the opening of the exhibition and all the booths are sold out! Tens of thousands of professionals wait for the arrival of FIC2018, the four highlights of this exhibition will be more for its color:
The biggest bright spot - a separate set of plant extracts of natural products and health food professional museum, helping to promote supply-side reform. With the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the demand for safe and healthy foods and functional foods by the citizens has shown a rapid growth year by year. The development of functional healthy foods and health foods in China and the international food markets is developing rapidly, especially the natural extracts As the representative of healthy food ingredients to become China's production, consumption and exports of new growth point, thus highlighting the market demand for functional natural ingredients and additives products. to this end. FIC2018 exhibition opened the newly opened W Museum into plant extracts of natural products and health food specialty hall, there will be from natural and functional food additives specializing in ingredients products, health food products, more than 200 exhibitors, the professional exhibition Of the exhibition area increased by more than 4,000 square meters than FIC2017, the number of exhibitors nearly doubled in 2017! Exhibitors in this exhibition area are specialized in the production of natural, functional and health food products. Most of their products are of high quality and distinctive. Many of them are suppliers of export products for many years. They are good customers At the same time, we will vigorously develop product research and development tailored to the needs of high-quality food markets, continue to meet differentiated markets and actively meet the needs of a safe and healthy food market. Plant extracts of natural products and health food professional museum set up a clear theme features for the professional business provides a stage to display for the special needs of professional buyers with the procurement convenience.
Prominent highlights - to expand machinery and equipment exhibition to help promote industrial upgrading of the industry. In order to meet the needs of technological transformation and industrial upgrading of manufacturing enterprises, the upgrading of products can not be separated from the upgrading of technical equipment. It is related to the upstream and downstream industries of food to form a supply chain so that FIC can become a whole industrial chain running through the food industry Three-dimensional food business platform, full-service industries and enterprises, FIC2018 further expand the "mechanical equipment and food safety instrumentation Pavilion" exhibition scale than the previous increase of more than 1,700 square meters, with a total area of 10,000 square meters, in the There are 129 exhibitors in this exhibition area, an increase of 30 over 2017. Exhibitors covered such fields as food and pharmaceutical processing machinery, food packaging machinery, food testing equipment and technology, packaging materials, food additives and ingredients production and application technologies. The enthusiasm of exhibitors who intend to exhibit in this exhibition area is extremely high. Although we have expanded the area of this exhibition area, we still can not meet the needs of exhibitors.
In order to help and guide the industry's technological transformation of equipment upgrades, during the exhibition will also be held in the second China-made 2025 - Machinery and Equipment Promotion Forum on the development of the food industry
, Invited food machinery manufacturing industry experts and senior leaders, in person, in order to provide guidance for the technological innovation and industrial upgrading of industrial enterprises, guide the sustainable development of the industry, guide enterprises how to upgrade the technology and equipment to promote the business Technology innovation and development for the rapid development of industries and enterprises to provide more intimate technical support to help companies get through the upstream and downstream channel information to provide integration of the industrial chain and help companies select high-quality suppliers, and ultimately to help businesses build brands and reduce supply chain The role of cost bridge. "The Second China-made 2025 - Machinery and Equipment Promotion Food Industry Development Forum" will be the highlight of exhibition services in the enterprise.
Wonderful highlights - FIC2018 let the most cutting-edge technology at your fingertips. The industry's most high-end professional Forum - Innovative Development Forum for Food Industry, the second China-made 2025 - machinery and equipment to promote the development of the food industry forum, the United States and Japan, South Korea and the United States regulatory standards forum is worth the industry look forward to! The three reports will provide the industry with the opportunity to hear top industry experts and interact with leading experts. Special reports and lectures Prospects of science and technology to explore the future development of the industry, innovation and research to create the future development of enterprises to lead the future of science and technology brand product innovation. Forum, review industry hot spots, help to promote the industry's sustainable development. High-quality authoritative forum, high-quality interactive industry, so that attendees and the most forward-looking technology information zero distance!
The exhibition will be held more than 40 new products and new technology conference, exhibitors conference on the cutting-edge technology of the actual interpretation and application, will lead the sounded the food industry sustainable development march, perspective science and technology, science and technology innovation to help enterprises and The improvement of food quality has benefited the exhibitors of the industry and their exhibitors.
Expansion of domestic and foreign exhibitors will also focus on the exhibition focused on the promotion of their respective new products, new technologies, many exhibitors put the company's new conference held at the exhibition, the exhibition will become a new product promotion and application of new technologies The first platform.
Highlights IV - FIC2018 exhibition scale and content expansion, the industry will become more attractive. FIC2018 total exhibition area expanded by 10% over the previous, reaching more than 110,000 square meters, the exhibition area and the number of exhibitors reached double growth. Although such a rapid growth rate still can not keep up the enthusiasm of exhibitors, there are still more than 100 companies waiting for a very low probability of replenishment.
FIC2018 International Pavilion, Natural Products Extract Functional Ingredients Health Products Pavilion, General Products Pavilion, Flavors and Flavors Pavilion, Machinery and Equipment and Food Safety Testing Instruments Pavilion, with 5 major professional exhibitions bringing together more than 1,400 international and domestic Exhibitors, for the food industry provides a large all-round display, exchange space. Five major professional exhibition area display, formed the food industry raw and auxiliary materials (functional food ingredients), food industry machinery and equipment, food industry innovation technology three plates for the food industry, raw material suppliers and food manufacturers to provide a food Additives, food raw materials to food processing equipment, testing equipment, from functional natural food additives and ingredients to health food, from cutting-edge technology products to the entire industrial chain solutions, one-stop product procurement, information services, large international business platform .
The expansion of FIC2018 exhibition area and the increase of exhibition contents will fully demonstrate the results of the supply-side reform. The FIC2018 comprehensively expounds the value of brand exhibitions covering trade, science and technology, information exchange, innovation and development, service coverage, and unlimited Business opportunities will certainly greatly stimulate the enthusiasm of the professional sellers, attracting the world's largest coffee industry and senior sellers gathered together!
Carbendazim treatment of those diseases?
Carbendazim is a low toxicity and efficient broad-spectrum systemic fungicide, scientific name benzoglycerol 44, pure white crystalline solid, the original drug is brown powder. It can prevent and treat many fungal flower diseases caused by many ascomycetes and half-know bacteria. Carbendazim can be used for foliar spray, seed treatment and soil treatment. Qiannong Xiaobian simply introduce to you those carbendazim disease it!
Carbendazim Indications vegetable disease
1, control onions, leek gray mold, with 50% WP 300 times spray; control eggplant, cucumber sclerotinia, melons, beans anthracnose, pea powdery mildew, with 50% WP 500 times spray ; Prevention and treatment of cruciferous vegetables, tomatoes, lettuce, bean bean sclerotinia, tomato, cucumber, bean gray mold, spray with 50% wettable powder 600-800 times; prevention and treatment of cruciferous vegetable white spot, cowpea coal mold , Celery early blight (spot disease), with 50% wettable powder 700-800 times spray. These sprays are the first time in the incidence of the first medication, spray an interval of 7-10 days, continuous spraying 2-3 times.
2, tomato blight control, according to the seed weight of 0.3-0.5% dressing; prevention and control of bean fusarium wilt, 0.5% by seed weight seed dressing, or seed soaking with 60-120 times 12-24 hours.
3, cucumber, tomato blight, eggplant Verticillium wilt, with 50% wettable powder 500 times wave irrigation, 0.3-0.5 kg per plant irrigation, the incidence of heavy block 10 days after reperfusion 2 times.
Carbendazim attending tree diseases
1, pear sprouting and Xie Hua, with 50% WP 500 times the spray 1 times, after every 7-10 days spray 1, 2-3 times in a row, can prevent pears scab.
2, with 50% wettable powder 500-800 times the liquid from the early onset of apple spray prevention and control, 7-10 days and then spray 1 times, can control apple brown spot disease.
3, from the grape leaves after the fruit coloring before, every 10-15 days with 50% WP 500-1000 times the spray, the grape black pox disease, white rot, anthracnose, control effect is good.
Carbendazim Indications medicinal plant diseases
1, in the early stages of the disease with 50% wettable powder 600 to 800 times the liquid spray or watering, prevention and treatment of Panax leaf rot, Mandala Verticillium wilt, Chuanxiong root rot, Atractylodes root rot and blight, Yam blight, Astragalus root rot, licorice root rot, Chinese wolfberry root rot, ginseng rust rot, blight and damping-off disease, the amount of daily scale withered rot disease.
2, spray: Generally 50% wettable powder 600 ~ 1 000 times the beginning of the onset of pesticide application, spraying every 7 to 10 days, can prevent and cure Anthracnose, Tambundo disease, Scrophulariaceae spot disease, Corynebacterium sclerotiorum, bergamot scab, Ophiopogon anthracnose, peony leaf spot disease, saffron rot disease (Fusarium wilt disease), anthrax on the amount of days, vanilla stalk rot and so on.
3, control the amount of anthracnose per day, as the propagation of stem material, pre-planting with 50% WP 800 times soak for 10 minutes. Or spray, until the liquid dry after planting. Prevention and treatment of ginseng rust, in the Senate seedlings transplanting before, with 50% WP 500 times soaking seedlings 8 to 15 minutes, seedlings to be dry before planting.
Carbendazim Indications vegetable disease
1, control onions, leek gray mold, with 50% WP 300 times spray; control eggplant, cucumber sclerotinia, melons, beans anthracnose, pea powdery mildew, with 50% WP 500 times spray ; Prevention and treatment of cruciferous vegetables, tomatoes, lettuce, bean bean sclerotinia, tomato, cucumber, bean gray mold, spray with 50% wettable powder 600-800 times; prevention and treatment of cruciferous vegetable white spot, cowpea coal mold , Celery early blight (spot disease), with 50% wettable powder 700-800 times spray. These sprays are the first time in the incidence of the first medication, spray an interval of 7-10 days, continuous spraying 2-3 times.
2, tomato blight control, according to the seed weight of 0.3-0.5% dressing; prevention and control of bean fusarium wilt, 0.5% by seed weight seed dressing, or seed soaking with 60-120 times 12-24 hours.
3, cucumber, tomato blight, eggplant Verticillium wilt, with 50% wettable powder 500 times wave irrigation, 0.3-0.5 kg per plant irrigation, the incidence of heavy block 10 days after reperfusion 2 times.
Carbendazim attending tree diseases
1, pear sprouting and Xie Hua, with 50% WP 500 times the spray 1 times, after every 7-10 days spray 1, 2-3 times in a row, can prevent pears scab.
2, with 50% wettable powder 500-800 times the liquid from the early onset of apple spray prevention and control, 7-10 days and then spray 1 times, can control apple brown spot disease.
3, from the grape leaves after the fruit coloring before, every 10-15 days with 50% WP 500-1000 times the spray, the grape black pox disease, white rot, anthracnose, control effect is good.
Carbendazim Indications medicinal plant diseases
1, in the early stages of the disease with 50% wettable powder 600 to 800 times the liquid spray or watering, prevention and treatment of Panax leaf rot, Mandala Verticillium wilt, Chuanxiong root rot, Atractylodes root rot and blight, Yam blight, Astragalus root rot, licorice root rot, Chinese wolfberry root rot, ginseng rust rot, blight and damping-off disease, the amount of daily scale withered rot disease.
2, spray: Generally 50% wettable powder 600 ~ 1 000 times the beginning of the onset of pesticide application, spraying every 7 to 10 days, can prevent and cure Anthracnose, Tambundo disease, Scrophulariaceae spot disease, Corynebacterium sclerotiorum, bergamot scab, Ophiopogon anthracnose, peony leaf spot disease, saffron rot disease (Fusarium wilt disease), anthrax on the amount of days, vanilla stalk rot and so on.
3, control the amount of anthracnose per day, as the propagation of stem material, pre-planting with 50% WP 800 times soak for 10 minutes. Or spray, until the liquid dry after planting. Prevention and treatment of ginseng rust, in the Senate seedlings transplanting before, with 50% WP 500 times soaking seedlings 8 to 15 minutes, seedlings to be dry before planting.
How to fertilize flowers?
Now more and more friends breeding a variety of flowers, flowers in the breeding process also need to properly fertilize the flowers in order to promote better flower growth. Here to tell you about flower fertilization technology.
How to fertilize flowers
Fertilization is more complicated flowers, the general principle is: a small amount of fertilizer should be repeated many times; inorganic fertilizers can not sprinkle or contact with the stem base; organic fertilizer to re-use pile heap composting; summer high temperature and humidity weather when the plant should grow more vigorous ; Winter low temperature light weak plant growth should be less applied; after heavy rain or plant yellowish green dull lack of fertilizer to make timely replenishment, etc., to give you a briefing on the fertilization technology of flowers.
1, flower basal: a large area to plant flowers or nursery nursery bed to use more matured organic fertilizer. Base fertilizer application 1500-3000 pounds / mu, if the switch to cake, bone meal, livestock dry excrement, then the amount of 100-200 kg / mu, or at the same time osmosis biological fertilizer 20-40 kg / mu, leveling into the soil evenly , A few days later can be planted. More nutrition seedbed adsorption strong media such as peat, before planting seedlings by adding the right amount of nutrients, so that after full adsorption and then planted, but also by adding 0.001-1ppm manganese, iron, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum trace elements .
2, potted flowers topdressing: Potted flowers due to the limited capacity of the pot of media need to be added at any time a variety of nutrition. For young plants that have returned to green leaves, they should begin to top-dressing and top-dressing depending on the size of the pots. Each pot is applied 40-40 grains of compound fertilizer (imported compound fertilizer); for robust seedling plants, each pot 100-120 tablets administered times, 2 times a month, the other with the spray liquid fertilizer 5? 8 times; in case of heavy rain should be supplemented top dressing once. Top dressing should be applied around the pot, as far as possible away from the base of the stem, in particular, can not let fat fall into the leaves (such as dracaena, pineapples, etc.) in the center. If you need to urge flowers can add 0.2% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, accelerate the development of robust flower buds, generally 3-5 sprayed once.
Flower fertilization technology
Different types of potted flowers top dressing method:
(1) bulbous, succulent flowers topdressing: due to the bulbous and fleshy stems can store nutrients, and less root, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by half the normal amount. Because of their high demand for nitrogen, potassium and calcium, the use of liquid fertilizer often with potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate-based use.
(2) fibrous roots dressing: such flowers require planted in the loose medium, such as the Western Rhododendron, ornamental pineapple and so on. Top dressing requires a small number of times, the amount of fertilizer for the normal amount of 1 / 5-1 / 4, that is, each pot fertilizer 15-30 can be applied Hefei.
(3) large-leaf type shade shade foliage top dressing: This flower grow rapidly, developed root system, the amount of fertilizer required, such as Araceae Evergreen and so on. In addition to the normal amount of fertilizer by the normal amount of 2 times a month, each application of Hefei 100-120 tablets, plus spraying liquid fertilizer 5-8 times.
(4) bonsai top dressing: bonsai fertilization is characterized by less quantity, longer effective fertilizer. Generally slow organic fertilizer such as bone meal, cake, etc. as the main body, with the slow release of urea formaldehyde, phosphate rock and a small amount of available fertilizer formulated. If there is no ready-made potted bonsai fertilizer available on the market to spend fertilizer into olive oil or plastic film coating liquid treatment, you can achieve sustained, long-lasting, the fertilizer can be buried shallow basin substrate. Large-scale production of bonsai can be used liquid fertilizer spray method, spray every 3 to 5 days, phase water spray salt once can.
The above is the introduction of flower fertilization technology, breeding flowers friends can refer to the above method of fertilization, combined with the actual farming conditions, fertilization reasonable.
How to fertilize flowers
Fertilization is more complicated flowers, the general principle is: a small amount of fertilizer should be repeated many times; inorganic fertilizers can not sprinkle or contact with the stem base; organic fertilizer to re-use pile heap composting; summer high temperature and humidity weather when the plant should grow more vigorous ; Winter low temperature light weak plant growth should be less applied; after heavy rain or plant yellowish green dull lack of fertilizer to make timely replenishment, etc., to give you a briefing on the fertilization technology of flowers.
1, flower basal: a large area to plant flowers or nursery nursery bed to use more matured organic fertilizer. Base fertilizer application 1500-3000 pounds / mu, if the switch to cake, bone meal, livestock dry excrement, then the amount of 100-200 kg / mu, or at the same time osmosis biological fertilizer 20-40 kg / mu, leveling into the soil evenly , A few days later can be planted. More nutrition seedbed adsorption strong media such as peat, before planting seedlings by adding the right amount of nutrients, so that after full adsorption and then planted, but also by adding 0.001-1ppm manganese, iron, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum trace elements .
2, potted flowers topdressing: Potted flowers due to the limited capacity of the pot of media need to be added at any time a variety of nutrition. For young plants that have returned to green leaves, they should begin to top-dressing and top-dressing depending on the size of the pots. Each pot is applied 40-40 grains of compound fertilizer (imported compound fertilizer); for robust seedling plants, each pot 100-120 tablets administered times, 2 times a month, the other with the spray liquid fertilizer 5? 8 times; in case of heavy rain should be supplemented top dressing once. Top dressing should be applied around the pot, as far as possible away from the base of the stem, in particular, can not let fat fall into the leaves (such as dracaena, pineapples, etc.) in the center. If you need to urge flowers can add 0.2% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, accelerate the development of robust flower buds, generally 3-5 sprayed once.
Flower fertilization technology
Different types of potted flowers top dressing method:
(1) bulbous, succulent flowers topdressing: due to the bulbous and fleshy stems can store nutrients, and less root, the amount of fertilizer can be reduced by half the normal amount. Because of their high demand for nitrogen, potassium and calcium, the use of liquid fertilizer often with potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate-based use.
(2) fibrous roots dressing: such flowers require planted in the loose medium, such as the Western Rhododendron, ornamental pineapple and so on. Top dressing requires a small number of times, the amount of fertilizer for the normal amount of 1 / 5-1 / 4, that is, each pot fertilizer 15-30 can be applied Hefei.
(3) large-leaf type shade shade foliage top dressing: This flower grow rapidly, developed root system, the amount of fertilizer required, such as Araceae Evergreen and so on. In addition to the normal amount of fertilizer by the normal amount of 2 times a month, each application of Hefei 100-120 tablets, plus spraying liquid fertilizer 5-8 times.
(4) bonsai top dressing: bonsai fertilization is characterized by less quantity, longer effective fertilizer. Generally slow organic fertilizer such as bone meal, cake, etc. as the main body, with the slow release of urea formaldehyde, phosphate rock and a small amount of available fertilizer formulated. If there is no ready-made potted bonsai fertilizer available on the market to spend fertilizer into olive oil or plastic film coating liquid treatment, you can achieve sustained, long-lasting, the fertilizer can be buried shallow basin substrate. Large-scale production of bonsai can be used liquid fertilizer spray method, spray every 3 to 5 days, phase water spray salt once can.
The above is the introduction of flower fertilization technology, breeding flowers friends can refer to the above method of fertilization, combined with the actual farming conditions, fertilization reasonable.
Eggplant fertilization principles
Eggplant is a larger amount of vegetables to be fertilized, what are the principles of fertilization? Here to tell you about eggplant fertilization principles.
Eggplant fertilization
First, heavy basal fertilizer
Eggplant is hi fat and fertilizer-resistant crops, growing longer, to obtain high yield, planting foot before applying fertilizer. The amount of basal fertilizer accounts for 1 / 3-1 / 2 of the total amount of fertilizer, generally 5000-7000 kg of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer (chicken manure, horse manure, cow dung, pig manure, etc.) per acre, preferably 2/3 , 1/3 with appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 25-50 kg, and then concentrated into the planting ditch or planting hole.
Second, sub-top dressing
Eggplant results of a long period, the need to repeatedly topdressing. Eggplant absorption of nutrients in the flowering after the rapid increase, so the key period of top dressing is "gorgon stare" to "four door Dou Dou" harvest. In this period of time can be topdressing every 10-15 days 1 times, topdressing 15-20 kg of ammonium sulphate or 7.5-10 kg of urea per mu, or topdressing 500-600 kg of decomposed human excrement. Fertilization methods can ditch facilities, points or irrigation facilities. If it is midsummer hot season or greenhouse cultivation, should be avoided with the water Chong Shi, to prevent volatile active ingredients, resulting in reduced fertilizer efficiency and fertilizer damage.
What are the principles of eggplant fertilization
Third, root out of fertilizer
Aubergine leaves lack of nitrogen yellow, magnesium near the main vein easily chlorotic green yellow, often deciduous and affect the yield. To make up for lack of root fertilization, starting from the fruiting period, according to the growth of eggplant with 0.2% -0.3% urea solution, 0.2% -0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, 0.1% -0.2% magnesium sulfate solution for foliar spray fat. The general spray 7-10 days 1, and even spray 2-3 times.
Fourth, Shen Shi phosphate
Eggplant seedling need more phosphorus, into the fruiting period and the results of the peak absorption of phosphorus decreased. Therefore, more phosphorus fertilizer at seedling stage can promote root development and seedling survival after planting, is conducive to plant growth and increase production. Eggplant into the fertility stage, due to reduced phosphorus, so should be less or no phosphate, so as not to promote the development of seeds in the fruit, causing pericarp sclerosis, quality degradation, affecting the value of eggplant products.
Eggplant fertilization principles
Fifth, less fertilizer
Fertilizer in the process of eggplant, we must grasp the main organic fertilizer, fertilizer supplemented by the principle of fertilization. Fertilizer dosage can not be too large, especially nitrogen fertilizer, so as to avoid excess nitrogen caused eggplant nitrate accumulation, and endanger human health.
The above is the introduction of the principle of eggplant fertilization, planting eggplant friends in the fertilization time, we must pay attention to these principles, do not blindly fertilization.
Eggplant fertilization
First, heavy basal fertilizer
Eggplant is hi fat and fertilizer-resistant crops, growing longer, to obtain high yield, planting foot before applying fertilizer. The amount of basal fertilizer accounts for 1 / 3-1 / 2 of the total amount of fertilizer, generally 5000-7000 kg of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizer (chicken manure, horse manure, cow dung, pig manure, etc.) per acre, preferably 2/3 , 1/3 with appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 25-50 kg, and then concentrated into the planting ditch or planting hole.
Second, sub-top dressing
Eggplant results of a long period, the need to repeatedly topdressing. Eggplant absorption of nutrients in the flowering after the rapid increase, so the key period of top dressing is "gorgon stare" to "four door Dou Dou" harvest. In this period of time can be topdressing every 10-15 days 1 times, topdressing 15-20 kg of ammonium sulphate or 7.5-10 kg of urea per mu, or topdressing 500-600 kg of decomposed human excrement. Fertilization methods can ditch facilities, points or irrigation facilities. If it is midsummer hot season or greenhouse cultivation, should be avoided with the water Chong Shi, to prevent volatile active ingredients, resulting in reduced fertilizer efficiency and fertilizer damage.
What are the principles of eggplant fertilization
Third, root out of fertilizer
Aubergine leaves lack of nitrogen yellow, magnesium near the main vein easily chlorotic green yellow, often deciduous and affect the yield. To make up for lack of root fertilization, starting from the fruiting period, according to the growth of eggplant with 0.2% -0.3% urea solution, 0.2% -0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, 0.1% -0.2% magnesium sulfate solution for foliar spray fat. The general spray 7-10 days 1, and even spray 2-3 times.
Fourth, Shen Shi phosphate
Eggplant seedling need more phosphorus, into the fruiting period and the results of the peak absorption of phosphorus decreased. Therefore, more phosphorus fertilizer at seedling stage can promote root development and seedling survival after planting, is conducive to plant growth and increase production. Eggplant into the fertility stage, due to reduced phosphorus, so should be less or no phosphate, so as not to promote the development of seeds in the fruit, causing pericarp sclerosis, quality degradation, affecting the value of eggplant products.
Eggplant fertilization principles
Fifth, less fertilizer
Fertilizer in the process of eggplant, we must grasp the main organic fertilizer, fertilizer supplemented by the principle of fertilization. Fertilizer dosage can not be too large, especially nitrogen fertilizer, so as to avoid excess nitrogen caused eggplant nitrate accumulation, and endanger human health.
The above is the introduction of the principle of eggplant fertilization, planting eggplant friends in the fertilization time, we must pay attention to these principles, do not blindly fertilization.
Fertilizer: You will use it?
Fungus is not good, used to know! In recent years, bacteria fertilizer into our sight, its unique biological function of bacteria in improving the soil, improve crop quality results have also been gradually recognized by farmers. However, due to the fact that most peasant friends have more control over the effectiveness of the bacteriostat, nutrient content and fertilization methods, it is difficult to achieve the desired results. Today we talk about the issue of bacterial fertilizer:
What is the role of bacterial fertilizer
Bacterial fertilizer is the common name of microbial fertilizer, it is a kind of auxiliary fertilizer with live bacteria. There are a large number of microorganisms in the soil (including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes), generally contain hundreds of millions to billions of microbes per gram of soil. Some are good for crop growth and some are harmful. People use scientific methods to separate from the soil, breeding beneficial microorganisms, after training, breeding, made of bacteria agents, these agents used in agriculture, the crop yield, known as bacterial fertilizer. At present, China's production and application of bacteria mainly Rhizobium, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, potassium bacteria, EM bacteria and other fertilizers. Bacteria fertilizer is beneficial to microorganism, antagonistic to harmful microorganisms, promoting the transformation of nutrients in the soil, improving the availability of soil nutrients, improving the nutritional conditions of crops and increasing soil fertility.
The role of bacterial fertilizer in the following areas:
1.1 to improve soil nutrient supply
Fertilizer mainly through a variety of bacteria to promote the dissolution of insoluble nutrients in the soil release. In the process of metabolism, the agent releases a large amount of inorganic and organic acid substances to promote the release and chelation of the trace elements such as silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and molybdenum in the soil, effectively breaks the soil compaction, promotes the formation of aggregate structure, Fixed ineffective fertilizers are transformed into effective fertilizers to improve nutrient supply, aeration and porosity in the soil.
1.2 to promote crop growth
The use of bacterium fertilizer promotes the production and regulation of stimulating hormone and promotes the growth and development of crops. The use of fungi can promote the production of gibberellins, auxin and other active substances.
1.3 enhance the ability of crop disease resistance
Some strains of bacterial fertilizer have the function of secreting antibiotics and various active enzymes to inhibit or kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria. A large number of field trials have proved that the application of bacterial fertilizer can reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and enhance the resistance of crops. Such as cotton yellow blight, rice blast, wheat powdery mildew, stalk rot, vegetable damping-off disease, blight, bacterial wilt and so have some control and inhibition, a large number of experiments show that Endemic microbial agents can be effective Inhibit the occurrence of certain species of nematode. Bacterial fertilizer is also obvious drought, cold, lodging, salt and alkali effects, enhance crop disease resistance, thus effectively preventing the occurrence of crop physiological diseases.
1.4 increase production, improve quality
The use of microbial fertilizers can increase the content of vitamin C, amino acids and sugars in agricultural products and effectively reduce the nitrate content, so that the agricultural products produced are delicious and good-looking, and they are selling at a good price. Can increase crop yield by 20-30% differently.
The correct application of bacterial fertilizer:
Fertilizer use less, the single application is not easy to apply, before the casing susceptible to the effects of sunlight, the wind and the wind will happen to run the wind can be mixed with organic fertilizer deep application of better, can also be mixed with nutrition soil Nursery vegetables, vegetables can also be applied when planting or ditch facilities.
(1) bacterial fertilizer long duration. Because of the strong vitality of biological bacteria, the general fertilizer up to 150 to 180 days, the first quarter of the crop is only applied once to meet the growth and development of the crop's life requirements.
(2) Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of active bacteria. When applied, it must be buried in the soil and can not be applied to the earth's surface. Generally it is applied to 7 ~ 10cm. As the biological bacteria on the crop roots and seeds do not cause any harm, so the application of microbial fertilizer should be close to the crop roots to maximize contact with the crop roots in order to give full play to biological fertilizer efficiency. For seed fertilizer, applied to the seeds just below the 2 ~ 3cm Department; as close as possible when the top dressing for the root system is good; foliar spraying should be carried out after 3 pm and sprayed on the back of the leaves to prevent ultraviolet light to kill Species.
(3) Fertilizer and other fertilizers with a good effect. Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of high content of biological agents, applied to the soil takes 15 to 20 days to play a fertilizing effect, the majority of biological bacteria need to be restored under the action of nitrogen, so the amount of fertilizers to be modest with a small amount Of nitrogen fertilizer, the general compound fertilizer per hectare 25 ~ 30kg, and according to different situations, with the application of 45 ~ 75kg urea, 75kg diammonium phosphate. If combined with organic fertilizers (80kg of organic fertilizer per hectare), the physical and chemical properties of soil can be accelerated, the content of soil organic matter can be increased, and the activity of biological bacteria can be increased.
(4) Maintaining suitable temperature and humidity conditions of soil: The bacterial fertilizer can be applied under soil conditions with soil water content above 30%, soil temperature between 10 and 40 ℃ and pH between 5.5 and 8.5. Watering in time when soil water content is less than 30%, and timely cultivating loose soil to maintain soil moisture, improve soil temperature.
(5) Preparation of nutrient soil: Generally take the pastoral soil (non-pesticide contaminated pastoral soil) 60kg, fully ferment the maturity of man, livestock and poultry manure 30kg, plus compound fertilizer 10kg, stir well. The nutrient soil can be used for crops, vegetables, fruits, fruit trees and other seedlings, seedlings and other use.
Application and promotion should pay attention to matters:
Biological Fungus plays a key role in the species, but the species is invisible, how to determine the pros and cons of a biological fertilizer?
First of all to see if there is no registration certificate of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture registration certificate of the microbial fertilizer may be real;
Second, look at the sustainability of the brand, in general, the longer the brand, the higher the credibility;
The third point is that operators must do their own experiments. With these three basic can determine the advantages and disadvantages of bacterial fertilizer.
In addition, in the application process should note the following:
3.1 Valid and effective live bacteria At present, the effective life of microbial fertilizer in our country more than 1 year survival time, so the optional fertilizer to be used as soon as possible, storage time is too long, the species dormancy may be destroyed. Bacteria effective bacteria can not reach the standard number of bacteria can not be purchased. The number of viable microorganisms of microbial agents in the state is more than 200 million / g (100 million particles / g), and the effective viable count of compound microbial fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer is more than 20 million / g. If you do not meet this standard, indicating the quality of products can not meet the requirements.
3.2 temperature and humidity, soil and application of microbial fertilizer application of the best temperature is 25 ℃ ~ 37 ℃, less than 5 ℃, higher than 45 ℃, the application effect is poor. The high temperature, low temperature, drought conditions, crop plots should not be applied. Azotobacter fertilizer moisture content of the soil moisture is 60% to 70%. Sulfur-rich soil and rust paddy fields, should not be applied to fertilizer, because sulfur can kill biological bacteria. For thickened paddy fields, generally do not spread, with the spray method will be better. Biological fertilizer is not a quick fertilizer, nutrition critical period in the crop and nutrient absorption period of 7 to 10 days before the application, the best.
3.3 dosage and mix
Soil into the more fertilizer, although there will be no phenomenon of burning roots burning seedlings, but it is not applied to the more the better. The blind application of biological fertilizer in large quantities will increase the input cost of fertilizer and reduce the cultivation efficiency of crops.
Therefore, should be based on the needs of different crops and soil nutrients, the scientific determination of biological fertilizer amount of fertilizer in order to achieve the purpose of increasing production and income.
Remember: Do not mix the bacteriostat with fungicides, insecticides, herbicides and sulfur-containing fertilizers (such as potassium sulphate), and straw ash, as these drugs and fertilizers can easily kill biological bacteria. Or first fertilizer, every 48 hours, then fight weeding. If the seed dressing should not be mixed with germicide seed mixed use. Do not mix and decayed farmyard fertilizer.
What is the role of bacterial fertilizer
Bacterial fertilizer is the common name of microbial fertilizer, it is a kind of auxiliary fertilizer with live bacteria. There are a large number of microorganisms in the soil (including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes), generally contain hundreds of millions to billions of microbes per gram of soil. Some are good for crop growth and some are harmful. People use scientific methods to separate from the soil, breeding beneficial microorganisms, after training, breeding, made of bacteria agents, these agents used in agriculture, the crop yield, known as bacterial fertilizer. At present, China's production and application of bacteria mainly Rhizobium, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, potassium bacteria, EM bacteria and other fertilizers. Bacteria fertilizer is beneficial to microorganism, antagonistic to harmful microorganisms, promoting the transformation of nutrients in the soil, improving the availability of soil nutrients, improving the nutritional conditions of crops and increasing soil fertility.
The role of bacterial fertilizer in the following areas:
1.1 to improve soil nutrient supply
Fertilizer mainly through a variety of bacteria to promote the dissolution of insoluble nutrients in the soil release. In the process of metabolism, the agent releases a large amount of inorganic and organic acid substances to promote the release and chelation of the trace elements such as silicon, aluminum, iron, magnesium and molybdenum in the soil, effectively breaks the soil compaction, promotes the formation of aggregate structure, Fixed ineffective fertilizers are transformed into effective fertilizers to improve nutrient supply, aeration and porosity in the soil.
1.2 to promote crop growth
The use of bacterium fertilizer promotes the production and regulation of stimulating hormone and promotes the growth and development of crops. The use of fungi can promote the production of gibberellins, auxin and other active substances.
1.3 enhance the ability of crop disease resistance
Some strains of bacterial fertilizer have the function of secreting antibiotics and various active enzymes to inhibit or kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria. A large number of field trials have proved that the application of bacterial fertilizer can reduce the incidence of pests and diseases and enhance the resistance of crops. Such as cotton yellow blight, rice blast, wheat powdery mildew, stalk rot, vegetable damping-off disease, blight, bacterial wilt and so have some control and inhibition, a large number of experiments show that Endemic microbial agents can be effective Inhibit the occurrence of certain species of nematode. Bacterial fertilizer is also obvious drought, cold, lodging, salt and alkali effects, enhance crop disease resistance, thus effectively preventing the occurrence of crop physiological diseases.
1.4 increase production, improve quality
The use of microbial fertilizers can increase the content of vitamin C, amino acids and sugars in agricultural products and effectively reduce the nitrate content, so that the agricultural products produced are delicious and good-looking, and they are selling at a good price. Can increase crop yield by 20-30% differently.
The correct application of bacterial fertilizer:
Fertilizer use less, the single application is not easy to apply, before the casing susceptible to the effects of sunlight, the wind and the wind will happen to run the wind can be mixed with organic fertilizer deep application of better, can also be mixed with nutrition soil Nursery vegetables, vegetables can also be applied when planting or ditch facilities.
(1) bacterial fertilizer long duration. Because of the strong vitality of biological bacteria, the general fertilizer up to 150 to 180 days, the first quarter of the crop is only applied once to meet the growth and development of the crop's life requirements.
(2) Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of active bacteria. When applied, it must be buried in the soil and can not be applied to the earth's surface. Generally it is applied to 7 ~ 10cm. As the biological bacteria on the crop roots and seeds do not cause any harm, so the application of microbial fertilizer should be close to the crop roots to maximize contact with the crop roots in order to give full play to biological fertilizer efficiency. For seed fertilizer, applied to the seeds just below the 2 ~ 3cm Department; as close as possible when the top dressing for the root system is good; foliar spraying should be carried out after 3 pm and sprayed on the back of the leaves to prevent ultraviolet light to kill Species.
(3) Fertilizer and other fertilizers with a good effect. Bacterial fertilizer is a kind of high content of biological agents, applied to the soil takes 15 to 20 days to play a fertilizing effect, the majority of biological bacteria need to be restored under the action of nitrogen, so the amount of fertilizers to be modest with a small amount Of nitrogen fertilizer, the general compound fertilizer per hectare 25 ~ 30kg, and according to different situations, with the application of 45 ~ 75kg urea, 75kg diammonium phosphate. If combined with organic fertilizers (80kg of organic fertilizer per hectare), the physical and chemical properties of soil can be accelerated, the content of soil organic matter can be increased, and the activity of biological bacteria can be increased.
(4) Maintaining suitable temperature and humidity conditions of soil: The bacterial fertilizer can be applied under soil conditions with soil water content above 30%, soil temperature between 10 and 40 ℃ and pH between 5.5 and 8.5. Watering in time when soil water content is less than 30%, and timely cultivating loose soil to maintain soil moisture, improve soil temperature.
(5) Preparation of nutrient soil: Generally take the pastoral soil (non-pesticide contaminated pastoral soil) 60kg, fully ferment the maturity of man, livestock and poultry manure 30kg, plus compound fertilizer 10kg, stir well. The nutrient soil can be used for crops, vegetables, fruits, fruit trees and other seedlings, seedlings and other use.
Application and promotion should pay attention to matters:
Biological Fungus plays a key role in the species, but the species is invisible, how to determine the pros and cons of a biological fertilizer?
First of all to see if there is no registration certificate of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture registration certificate of the microbial fertilizer may be real;
Second, look at the sustainability of the brand, in general, the longer the brand, the higher the credibility;
The third point is that operators must do their own experiments. With these three basic can determine the advantages and disadvantages of bacterial fertilizer.
In addition, in the application process should note the following:
3.1 Valid and effective live bacteria At present, the effective life of microbial fertilizer in our country more than 1 year survival time, so the optional fertilizer to be used as soon as possible, storage time is too long, the species dormancy may be destroyed. Bacteria effective bacteria can not reach the standard number of bacteria can not be purchased. The number of viable microorganisms of microbial agents in the state is more than 200 million / g (100 million particles / g), and the effective viable count of compound microbial fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer is more than 20 million / g. If you do not meet this standard, indicating the quality of products can not meet the requirements.
3.2 temperature and humidity, soil and application of microbial fertilizer application of the best temperature is 25 ℃ ~ 37 ℃, less than 5 ℃, higher than 45 ℃, the application effect is poor. The high temperature, low temperature, drought conditions, crop plots should not be applied. Azotobacter fertilizer moisture content of the soil moisture is 60% to 70%. Sulfur-rich soil and rust paddy fields, should not be applied to fertilizer, because sulfur can kill biological bacteria. For thickened paddy fields, generally do not spread, with the spray method will be better. Biological fertilizer is not a quick fertilizer, nutrition critical period in the crop and nutrient absorption period of 7 to 10 days before the application, the best.
3.3 dosage and mix
Soil into the more fertilizer, although there will be no phenomenon of burning roots burning seedlings, but it is not applied to the more the better. The blind application of biological fertilizer in large quantities will increase the input cost of fertilizer and reduce the cultivation efficiency of crops.
Therefore, should be based on the needs of different crops and soil nutrients, the scientific determination of biological fertilizer amount of fertilizer in order to achieve the purpose of increasing production and income.
Remember: Do not mix the bacteriostat with fungicides, insecticides, herbicides and sulfur-containing fertilizers (such as potassium sulphate), and straw ash, as these drugs and fertilizers can easily kill biological bacteria. Or first fertilizer, every 48 hours, then fight weeding. If the seed dressing should not be mixed with germicide seed mixed use. Do not mix and decayed farmyard fertilizer.
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