The diversity of water treatment agents.

Water treatment agent is a kind of water treatment chemicals used in the general, common water treatment agents are: flocculating agent, seven water ferrous sulfate, polymerization ferric salt, calcium hydroxide, ferric chloride hexahydrate, stannic chloride pentahydrate algae fungicidal, chlorine dioxide, scale inhibitor, polyacrylamide (cationic, anionic and non-ionic), polyaluminium chloride, polyaluminium chloride iron, ferrous sulfate, etc.

Corrosion inhibitor

Inhibitor class in the form of the appropriate concentration and additive in the water, can prevent or slow water chemicals of corrosion on the metal material or equipment, has a good effect, less consumption, convenient use, etc.

The types and varieties of corrosion inhibitors can be divided into inorganic inhibitors and organic inhibitors according to the types of their compounds.According to their inhibitory reaction, anodic reaction, cathodic reaction or both, can be divided into anode corrosion inhibitor, cathodic inhibitor or mixed corrosion inhibitor.The corrosion inhibitor can be divided into passivation film type, precipitation film type and adsorption film type according to the mechanism of forming protective film on metal surface.At present, the passivated film corrosion inhibitors, such as chromate, nitrite and molybdate, are commonly used in water treatment.The commonly used precipitation film corrosion inhibitors have polymerized phosphate, zinc salt, etc.Commonly used adsorption film type corrosion inhibitors such as organic amine and so on.

Scale inhibitors

The scale inhibitor, also known as scale inhibitor, refers to a class of chemicals that can inhibit the formation of scale and scale of calcium and magnesium in water.There are natural scale inhibitors such as tannin and lignin derivatives;Inorganic scale inhibitors such as sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, etc.Organic and macromolecule scale inhibitor, which has the best effect of polymer scale inhibitor, has a promising future.There are two types of organic and macromolecular scale inhibitors used in water treatment: organic phosphonic acids such as EDTMP (ethylenediamine tetramethylphosphonic acid), HEDP (hydroxyl diphosphonic acid), etc.Polycarboxylic acid, such as polyacrylate, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride, etc.The scale inhibition of these two kinds of scale inhibitors is usually achieved through lattice distortion and dispersion - condensation, which is widely used in oilfield water, boiler water and industrial cooling water.

fungicide

Fungicides are also known as bactericidal agents or sludge removers, anti-sludge agents, etc., which are used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as algae in the water, so as to prevent the formation of microbial mucous chemicals.It is usually divided into oxidizing fungicides and non-oxidizing fungicides.Oxidizing fungicides, such as commonly used chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder, etc.Non-oxidizing fungicides are effective and widely used to destroy bacterial cell walls and cytoplasmic chemicals such as quaternary ammonium salts.Quaternary ammonium salt in such as chlorinated dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide or dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium, etc., often with a variety of action such as sterilization, stripping, corrosion, promising, has been applied in oil field water, industrial cooling water, etc.

Cleaning agent

A special cleaning agent used in oil field water treatment chemicals, can eliminate the mechanical impurity and oil in the oily wastewater, its role in addition to the above-mentioned flocculant separation of suspended solids or mechanical impurities, also has the oil-water separation purification effect.Therefore, in addition to the general flocculant ingredients such as aluminum salt and polyacrylamide, this kind of purifying agent often contains some surfactant.For the purification effect of the purifying agent, the membrane filter is generally used to determine the purification effect of filter film factor (see filter).

cleaner

The cleaning agent is a kind of chemical with cleaning effect.In the process of water treatment, some chemicals are often used to clean the surface sediments of the metal equipment, such as corrosion products and scale, and microbial slime.According to different cleaning requirements, the cleaning agent can be divided into acid lotion such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, citric acid, etc.Passivating agents such as sodium benzoate.Currently, the use of sodium sulfonated succinate is a surfactant, which is used as a special cleaning agent to clean the oil and rust of the metal surface.

Thus, water treatment agents are very diverse products!

Are food additives harmful to health?

Have a strict management system for food additives in our country, approved the use of food additives are through the strict safety evaluation, food additives in China also established a perfect evaluation mechanism again, at any time according to the latest research progress of adjusting its breed or use scope and usage."As long as there is no harm to human health as long as the use range and usage are in compliance with the national standards, no food safety accident has been found to be legally used in food additives.""Said li chunyu.

Is food safe without food additives?

Modern food industry cannot leave food additive, reasonable use can improve food safety guarantee.For example, soy sauce without preservatives will become moldy, and there will be no antioxidants in the edible oil, but the health risks of fungal toxins and fats and oils are far greater than the preservatives themselves.Consumers need to be rational about foods that claim "no preservatives".Some foods don't need preservatives, such as high-sugar, high-salt diets, which can also pose health risks.

Weeding effect of acetochlor.

As herbicides acetochlor has been widely used, selective bud before processing, mainly through monocotyledonous coleoptile or dicotyledonous plants absorb, the hypocotyl of absorbed upward transmission, mainly by blocking the protein synthesis and inhibiting cell growth, make the weeds plumule and radicle growth to stop, and then died.Gramineous weeds are better than broad-leaved weeds, so they are better than broad-leaf weeds.In the soil, acetochylamine has an effective period of about 45 days, mainly through microbial degradation, with small mobility in the soil, mainly in the 0-3cm soil layer.
Acetochlor reagent can be applied, beans, peanuts, corn, cotton, potato, rapeseed, garlic, tobacco, sunflower, castor, leeks and other crops, herbicide, annual gramineous weeds and some small seeds of broadleaf weeds.Of digitaria, green bristlegrass, eleusine indica, weed, thousands of gold, the mai niang, wild oats, Kentucky bluegrass, grass, teff annual gramineous weeds have special effects, such as the chenopodiaceae, amaranthaceae, polygonaceae, duck plantar grass, cattle, chickweed, 莬 silk son broadleaf weeds also to have certain control effect, but the effect than gramineous weeds is poor, the perennial weeds is invalid.
It is very active and should be used according to the instructions when applied, and the dosage should not be increased at will.

A contest of fertilizer and fertilizer!

Fertilizer:

1, fertilizer containing no organic matter, humus, so heavy use of chemical fertilizers, soil due to the lack of organic matter and humus, the soil granular structure destroyed, soil harden and farmers plant production.

2, low utilization rate of fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer because of volatile, erosion, utilization rate is only 30% 50%, the utilization rate of phosphate was 10% 25%, because of the phosphoric acid chemical activity of root and lively, plowing soil after most of the phosphorus with Zn2 + from the soil, magnesium 2 +, Ca2 +, Fe3 +, Al3 + cations form difficult soluble phosphate fertilizer, etc.Potassium is only about 50% utilization.

3. Heavy use of fertilizers has greatly reduced the quality of fruits and vegetables.Because the crops not only need NPK, at the same time also need many trace elements such as zinc, selenium, calcium iron and fertilizer general component is single, so long-term use of chemical fertilizer will lead to soil nutrients contained in a single, easy to make crop nutrition disorders, resulting in crop synthetic internal transformation, inevitably led to the decrease of the quality of crops, the melon is not sweet, food is not sweet.

4. Harmful to human health.A large amount of chemical fertilizer is used to make the nitrate content in vegetables exceed the limit, and the combination of nitrite and amine compounds to form N- nitrite base compound is a strong carcinogen.

5. The abundant use of chemical fertilizer also causes the beneficial bacteria of soil and the mass death of earthworms.

6. Long-term inefficient use of fertilizers often results in excessive accumulation of certain elements in the soil and changes in soil physical and chemical properties and environmental pollution.

The more you use chemical fertilizer, the more you use it, the more you rely on it, the more you rely on it.

Advantages of biological fertilizer:

1. Improved soil

(1) through the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, a large number of beneficial bacteria have formed an advantageous population around the roots of plants, which inhibits the life activities of other harmful bacteria.

(2) the rapid decomposition of soil organic matter, promote the formation of soil aggregate, and through the beneficial bacteria activity can loose soil, soil to protecting fertilizer, fertilizer, water, water supply and air permeability are well adjusted.

(3) to decompose pesticide residues in soil to avoid pesticide residues in the next season.The plant growth process is also decomposed by harmful substances emitted from the root system.

2. Nitrogen fixation, phosphorus removal and potassium removal.

Part to be able to use the nitrogen in the air, through the beneficial bacteria growth metabolism enzyme and acid, can be difficult soluble phosphate, potash fertilizer in the soil, the soil difficult soluble phosphate 95%, difficult soluble potassium 98%) decomposition, becoming the plants can absorb under phosphorus.Therefore, the utilization rate of fertilizer can be greatly improved, thus reducing the application of fertilizer.'

3. Improve crop quality.

Phosphate-solubilizing, releasing, at the same time, leads to the release of trace elements in the soil, is used by the crop, at the same time beneficial bacteria metabolism substance required to produce a variety of plants, small molecules such as amino acids, growth stimulating substances, vitamins, etc.

4. To achieve the effect of biological control, the irrigation can inhibit the bacteria in soil and spray onto the leaf surface to prevent the invasion of diseases.

5. Promote precocity and prolongation of crops.Due to the improvement of soil physical and chemical properties, soil nutrient is rich and balanced, the fertilizer in soil can be better absorbed by the crops, so it can promote the early maturity of crops and extend the harvest time.

6, and organic fertilizer, to continuously improve soil, 2 to 3 years to make a soil can reach the standard in the production of organic crops, and because of the beneficial bacteria can quickly decompose organic matter for crop absorption, so overcome the characteristics of applied organic fertilizer, slow, low single organic fertilizer production.

How to improve the survival rate of plantains?

Six measures should be taken for planting technology:

One is to choose a good seedling, should strictly choose 4 ~ 5 piece of leaf, 60 cm thick strong seedlings, the seedlings even after 30 days after planting ~ 40 days of dry weather, still can keep the survival rate of more than 70%;

The second is to choose the rainy day planting, not only the temperature is low, the humidity is large, but also can avoid the strong light burn and the rotten seedling;

Third, the foot base fertilizer, each point of the application of the organic fertilizer 50 kilograms and superphosphate 100 grams ~ 150 grams;

Four is the day to dig the seedlings of the day, and before planting the leaves, reduce water evaporation, to keep the seedlings flourishing;

Five is to spray the water, and use straw to cover the plantain seedlings and the surrounding topsoil, so as to avoid direct sunlight, reduce soil temperature, and maintain soil moisture;

Six is to strengthen the early management, often wet the water wet, timely control the disease and insect pests, the discovery of dry and decaying leaves immediately removed.In this case, it is too early to fertilize the plant and then fertilize it after the new root is grown, so as to promote the healthy growth of the plant.

What are the mistakes of summer pruning fruit trees?

The right thing to do is:

Should be in late may and early June spring shoots stop growing, the tree according to the situation appropriate cut ring ring (cut), ring (ring) cutting cutting thin tip again after a week, so can not only make full use of sunlight, food-making without article contribute to risk, affect the formation of flower bud.The amount of thinning should be based on the projected area under the tree, and the shadow coefficient of the thinning is generally about 30%.

Thinning objects:

The outer two branches above the head, the inner bore of the thin branch, the back and the cut of the long branch, the branch of the branch and the branch of no space growth.

It is not scientific to pull a branch.

Many fruit farmers in spring to the fruit trees to open the Angle, resulting in the back of a strip, the flower effect is poor.The new tip that is not good to the Angle, should be used in the semi-lignification to take the branch, so as to slow its growth.The Angle of the main lateral branch should be opened in the autumn, in case of the back.

Twist pin shall

Some fruit farmers, no matter how many twigs on the back, increased the amount of branches, and affected the light.Back space larger place, long to more than 35 cm, such as new tip in half lignification (centers to 5 ~ 8 cm) high twist pin, back can make full use of the advantage into flower as a result, and will not affect the light.The same principal twig should not be too much, should be according to the tree body size twist 3-5, the rest of the rest.

A short cut is overweight

The short cut (heavy lifting) will cause the branches to grow again, causing the tree to be more light and less effective.In the production, the short cut should be used sparingly, but only after the thinning of the branches, the leaves of the leafy branches on the branch should be left 3-5 large leaves.

Improper handling of fruit stand.

Some fruit farmers to the fruit-table top cut off one, some pick the heart, some simply remove.These practices violate the rules of the nearby supply of nutrients, causing less nutrients to be produced around the fruit and affecting the growth of the fruit.The correct way is: shake off the top of the fruit table, do not cut off the heart, the supply of nutrients nearby.

Activated Sludge Process for Treatment of Refinery Alkaline Dregs Wastewater

Activated sludge method was used to treat the alkali residue wastewater after pretreatment in a refinery. Activated sludge was successfully domesticated with the target wastewater as a carbon source, and then the activated sludge was treated with domesticated activated sludge to treat the wastewater of the alkali refining wastewater to reduce its COD (chemical oxygen demand) value. The experimental results show that the activated sludge biochemical treatment has a high reduction effect on the COD value of the oil refinery alkali residue wastewater. With a hydraulic retention time of 24 h, the average removal rate of COD can reach 76% and the volume load is about 0.7 kg COD/(m3•d). After 10 days of operation, the total COD removal rate can reach about 74%. The effluent quality reached the national three-level emission standard (GB 8978-1996).

Oil refining alkaline residue wastewater is the spent alkali liquor produced during alkali refining of oil products in the petroleum refining process. Its main components are Na2S, mercaptan, thioether, thiophene, phenol, hydrazine and naphthenic acid, which are difficult to handle high-concentration organics. One of the wastewater. Currently, researchers have adopted a variety of processing technologies based on the characteristics of industrial wastewater, mainly high-temperature wet oxidation method and moderate wet air oxidation method. The Zimpro company first developed and developed an industrialized application device for wet air oxidation, and applied it to the treatment of hazardous petrochemical waste liquid and waste residue. This process has a higher treatment efficiency for organics and sulphides, but has a higher requirement for the reactor (high temperature and high pressure).

This kind of wet oxidation technology has better treatment effect on waste water, but the required equipment investment is large and the energy consumption is high. Nitrogenous compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls cannot be completely mineralized, which limits their wide application. Wright Chemical Company has cooperated with Korea's SK Group Institute of Biological Experiments for many years and applied SK's high-efficiency biological treatment technology to the treatment of high-alkaline residue waste water, creating the Wright Bio-Process. This process has a high degree of adaptability to changes in pollutant concentration, toxicant concentration, and salt content in wastewater.

However, the phenomenon of temperature increase during the operation of the process is relatively obvious, which will seriously reduce the dissolved oxygen capacity of the mud-water mixture in the reactor and reduce the microbial activity. Han Jianhua conducted an in-depth study on the wet oxidation treatment of sulfur-containing refinery alkaline slag, and proposed the 'Relaxed wet oxidation deodorization-acidification recovery of phenol or naphthenic acid-SBR process (the process flow of treating oil refinery alkali residue wastewater, and in 1998, in Shanghai A petrochemical enterprise designed an industrialized pilot plant, which can effectively oxidize the organic sulfides and inorganic sulfides in the spent caustic solution to sulfuric acid, eliminating the odor gas emissions during the further treatment of the spent caustic solution. The mild wet oxidation method has shortcomings such as incomplete treatment and strict requirements on the equipment, and it is very easy to generate carbon residue due to excessive temperature, leading to reactor pressure, seriously affecting the normal operation of the treatment device, and the biological method for treating organic wastewater is convenient and quick. The advantages of mildness, low energy consumption, low investment, no catalyst addition, and safe operation have received widespread attention from researchers.

The COD value of alkaline residue wastewater is generally from tens to hundreds of thousands

Because of its complex composition, it contains many refractory organics. Therefore, it is necessary to explore a new type of method for deep processing of oil refinery alkaline residue. In this experiment, activated sludge was successfully domesticated with the wastewater to be treated as a carbon source, and its effect on the treatment effect of the alkali residue wastewater from refining was investigated.

take it easy! Salt contains "potassium ferrocyanide" safety

"How can potassium ferrocyanide be found in salt, is potassium cyanide not very toxic?!" Yesterday, some people had reported that they saw the "potassium cyanide" component on the salt package purchased. They were worried about food safety. According to industry sources, "salt addition of potassium ferrocyanide is harmful" has been rumored many times. At present, the anti-caking agent “potassium ferrocyanide” is added to salt in the salt industry in China. It is strictly implemented in accordance with the National Food Safety Standard for Food Additives (GB2760), and domestic salt safety is guaranteed.

Potassium ferrocyanide as an edible additive

Recently, Ms. Liu, a citizen of Guangzhou, has found the Yangcheng Evening News reporter with the low sodium salt of a package of mineral salt products. Ms. Liu told reporters that she had accidentally discovered that in addition to salt and iodine, there was potassium ferrocyanide in the salt table. She stated that she does not understand chemistry, but her knowledge of "potassium cyanide" is still known. "Why can there be such a highly toxic ingredient in salt? Will it be harmful?” Ms. Liu also looked for a net post from the Internet to reporters. The post mentioned that “we must be vigilant against cyanide in salt and can’t buy it.” The salts of the ingredients will produce potassium cyanide after heating."

Yesterday, in the condiment area of ​​a large supermarket near the sports center, the reporter looked at a variety of table salt ingredients, found that several brands of salt were added potassium ferrocyanide composition, the amount is less than or equal to 10mg/kg. Subsequently, the reporter got in touch with Guangzhou Salt Industry Company. The staff member stated that potassium ferrocyanide is different from potassium cyanide and is a food additive. It is non-toxic and added to salt mainly plays an anti-caking effect. Therefore, it is also called “anti-caking agent” and its scope of application is salt. And on behalf of salt products, the maximum use of 0.01g/kg.

Heating does not decompose potassium cyanide

Regarding the post's arguments, the reporter found that in February this year, the National Salt Industry Standardization Technical Committee released the “Relevant information on the recent dissemination of information from the media about the addition of potassium ferrocyanide into the salt” to the unrealistic information that harms the health of consumers. Description". The explanation mentioned that there have been untrue information disseminated from the media that “adding potassium ferrocyanide in salt” has jeopardized the health of consumers. At present, China's salt industry in the addition of anti-caking agent "potassium ferrocyanide" in salt, is strictly in accordance with the "national food safety standards for food additives" (GB2760) implementation, China's salt safety is guaranteed.

Zhong Kai, a food safety expert at the Kexin Food and Nutrition Information Exchange Center, said in an interview with the media that common salt anti-caking agents include potassium ferrocyanide, ferric ammonium citrate, silicon dioxide, and calcium silicate, which are currently used most frequently. It is potassium ferrocyanide, and its chemical structure is completely different from that of potassium cyanide that can poison people.

It is understood that potassium ferrocyanide heat decomposition of potassium cyanide, was criticized by a number of experts as "nonsense." The cyanogen and iron in potassium ferrocyanide has a very strong binding force and high stability, and it can be decomposed to produce potassium cyanide only when it reaches nearly 400°C. Consumers can rest assured that they can eat it.

The three major types of biological pesticides

Biopesticides means the use of living organisms (fungi, bacteria, insect viruses, genetically modified organisms, natural enemies, etc.) or their metabolites (pheromones, auxins, naphthaleneacetic acid, 2,4-D, etc.) to kill agricultural pests or Inhibitory preparations. Mainly include: plant-derived pesticides, animal-derived pesticides and microbial pesticides.

Botanical pesticides

Plant-based pesticides have become one of the first choices of green biological pesticides due to their advantages of being easily degradable and pollution-free in the natural environment. They mainly include plant-derived pesticides, plant-derived fungicides, plant-based herbicides, and plant photo-activated moldy viruses. . At present, the botanical insecticides that have been discovered by nature in the field of pesticide activity include the Boluohui insecticidal series, pyrethrins, nicotine, and rotenone produced by Yanglin.

Animal-derived pesticides

Animal-derived pesticides mainly include animal toxins such as spider toxins, wasp toxins, and nereis. At present, insect virus insecticides have been widely used in the United States, Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and India, and there are more than 40 kinds of insect virus insecticides registered, produced and applied in the world.

Microbial pesticides

Microbial source pesticides use microorganisms or their metabolites as biological agents for controlling agricultural harmful substances. Among them, Bacillus thuringiensis belongs to the genus Bacillus, and is the world's most widely used, longest-developed, most productive, and most successful biopesticide. Insect-pathogenic fungi are fungal pesticides against pine caterpillars and rice black tails. Leaf diseases have special effects; According to the chemical structure of the fungal pesticide cocloperin, the synthetic insecticides such as Bataan or Shandandan are widely used in actual production.

How to manage strawberry seedlings in summer

1, irrigation moisture, shade cooling. Strawberry roots are shallow, drought resistance is weak, leaf area is large, and evaporation is voluminous. If ground water is not used to keep the soil moist, it can easily cause death of stems and leaves. Therefore, when there is white cracking in the local area, the land with irrigation conditions should be furrowed at night. After the water penetrates the seedlings, irrigation will be stopped to remove the accumulated water in the ditch. For the land without irrigation conditions, it is better to spray water and drought every morning and evening. Pouring enough water to keep the soil moist and reduce the surface temperature. In addition, it is best to put a shed about 1 meter high on the surface of the sampan, cover some fireweed and other items on the top, and plant some high-stem crops on the sorghum surface, such as corn, sorghum, and legume-like vegetables, etc. But can not be planted too dense, so as to avoid poor ventilation, lack of light, affecting the normal growth of strawberries.

2, directional pressure vines, take root and promote seedlings. During the growth of summer and autumn after the strawberry is harvested, the stolons will successively produce 3-5 seedlings. The strawberry nursery used for the propagation of seedlings in order to enable each seedling to grow into a strong seedling, the stem should be straightened and aligned in a timely manner during the emergence of seedlings. The new strains sent out were slightly pressed with soil to promote new roots.

3, remove weeds. Weeds can easily compete with strawberries to compete for water, affect the robust growth of strawberries, and reduce the drought resistance of strawberry plants. They must be removed frequently. Do not loosen the strawberry roots during weeding so as to avoid seedling death. While weeding, we must remove the yellow leaves and dead leaves of strawberry, reduce nutrient consumption and water evaporation, and promote ventilation.

4, pest control. During the summer and autumn, the pest that threatens the strawberry the most is the cricket, often biting bad plants, causing the whole plant to die. 800-fold dipterex or 1000-fold dichlorvos can be used to water seedlings, and can also be captured manually. Adults of common crickets often spawn on unrefined manure heaps, and the use of sufficiently mature organic manure can mitigate the hazards. In recent years, with the popularization of cultivation techniques in protected areas, the occurrence of wild grasshoppers (commonly known as snouts) in greenhouses and arch sheds has become more and more severe, which has seriously affected the yield and quality of strawberries. Attention should be paid to the timely adoption of artificial traps for prevention and control.

How to regulate the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of fruit trees?

The functions of different parts of the plant are divided, and the roots - absorbing water and nutrients, are transmitted through the xylem conduits to the branches and leafy parts. Leaves - Through chlorophyll photosynthesis, organic matter is transported through the screen of the phloem to the roots and fed to each other to form alternate growth of the shoot and the ground.

After understanding the above relationship, different methods should be adopted for the juvenile tree and the result tree: juvenile tree - strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, quickly expand the canopy, lay the foundation for the future yield and stable production, stop growing at each new shoot, and immediately after aging Fertilize, and quick-acting fertilizers are the main fertilizers.

Result trees - For fruit trees that have reached the age of the results, the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth should be strictly controlled, that is, excessive vegetative growth should be controlled to promote the accumulation of more carbohydrates and hormones in the shoots, thereby promoting differentiation of buds and flowering. As a result, people achieve the purpose of planting fruit. You can also spray flower agents such as Hua Guo Ling.

Second, specific measures

1, reasonable adjustment of moisture

Ordinary maintenance of orchards suitable soil moisture, strict control of flower buds before the differentiation of water, which is usually the degree of "water." Prevent the withdrawal of new shoots at this stage, consume the accumulated nutrients, resulting in no flowering, no result.

2, a reasonable fertilization

Fertilizer is the most important material condition for the growth, development and flowering of fruit trees. Reasonable fertilization can promote fruit growth, flowering and fruiting.

(1) Fertilizer should be combined with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Chemical fertilizers should be reasonably matched with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and other trace elements. At present, organic fertilizer is suitable for bean cakes, and fertilizers are used in combination with compound fertilizers and microbial fertilizers.

(2) Pay attention to the application of "pre-flowering fertilizer" and "post-fruit fertilizer." Most fruit trees are the result of spring flowers, so it is very important to reapply this flower before winter (because flowering and young fruit is not suitable for fertilization). The so-called "post-fruit fat" refers to applying heavy fertilizers after harvesting fruit. Because the whole process of fruit trees from the beginning of young fruit to the fruit ripening, it needs to consume a lot of nutrients, apply heavy fertilizer after picking fruit, and quickly add nutrients to restore the vigour. The strong, strong branch shoots are promoted, and most fruit trees are the result of the next year. In the remaining phases, specific conditions are shown and fertilizers are appropriate.

(3) Show the amount of fruit to be plucked, the specific situation of the tree vigor, and spray fertilizers out of the roots as an auxiliary measure.

3, soil management

The provision of grass weeds is the most original method and the most advanced and scientific method. It eliminates the weeds such as thatch and aconite, protects and grows beneficial weeds, maintains soil moisture, reduces temperature, prevents soil erosion, and accumulates organic matter. To protect beneficial organisms.

4, control of pests and diseases

The principle of prevention, prevention, and comprehensive prevention should be implemented.

5, timely harvest

Do a good job of fresh-keeping, packaging, and transportation to increase the value of the fruit.

Tips for promoting early maturation of grapes

When the grape grows most vigorously, it is in the rainy season. At this time, people work in the garden more frequently. The ground will be hardened, affecting the generation and maturation of the grapes. At this time, as long as the number of cultivating times is increased, it can be promoted. Precocious effect of grapes. Adding biofungus or soil activators during cultivating works better, helping to loosen and activate the soil.

Second, plastic film coverage

After the mulch is covered, the ground temperature is improved and the light is improved, so that the sugar content of the grape can be increased and the fruit can be colored in advance. In particular, the silver reflective film significantly increases the reflection of light, and the effect is particularly prominent.

Third, ear bagging

In areas with lower temperatures, when the inflorescences stretch out, use a special film bag of grapes to put on the inflorescence, until the young fruit fall off, tear the bottom of the bag and change the “bag” to “tube”. This method can make the grapes mature earlier. 15 days.

Fourth, ringing promote cooked

In the fruiting branch of the fruiting branch, 3 cm or the base of the mother branch is girdled at the beginning of ripening of the berry, which can be matured for about 5-7 days in advance. Matters needing attention: (1) The growth of thin branches is strictly prohibited. (2) The number of rings on the same tree should not exceed 40%. (3) The stripping width should not exceed 3mm, the knife edge should be straight, and it should be wrapped with plastic film after stripping.

Fifth, remove the old leaves can ripen

Removing the old leaves near the grape's fruit, the grape's fruit will absorb more sunlight, the pulp will be more quickly pulped, which will also have a ripening effect.

Six, spray potassium fertilizer ripening

After the pulping of grape fruit, it can be sprayed on the leaves of Mr. Guo potassium dihydrogen phosphate, so that the color of the fruit can be fun, in advance of the ripening time, in the spray of potassium fertilizer, the number is not easy too much and can be sprayed every week Put it once.

Seven, ripening with conditioner

After the fruits of the grapes are softened, plant growth regulators can be used. This can also have a ripening effect. Ethylene and naphthalene acetic acid are common plant growth regulators, and they can be used after purchase as described above. After the spraying, the grapes will soon mature.

The Application of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Disinfection

Analysis on Application Prospect of Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Disinfection

The health and safety of drinking water is directly related to human life and health. At present, although many people begin to drink pure water and mineral water, the vast majority of Chinese people still drink tap water after the natural water body is treated by conventional treatment processes. Due to the increasingly serious pollution of natural water bodies, tap water is still being used to disinfect liquid chlorine, which will cause unsafe hidden dangers in the water.

At present, most of the water plants in China use liquid chlorine to disinfect water. Liquid chlorine reacts with humus and other organic substances present in the water during disinfection to produce organic halogen compounds such as chloroform. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has pointed out that in the drinking water disinfected with liquid chlorine, organic halogenated hydrocarbon compounds are ubiquitous, with the most organic halogen compounds being chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane, and dibromochloromethane.

Due to the hidden dangers of liquid chlorine disinfecting drinking water, the World Health Organization and the World Food and Agriculture Organization of the World (FAO) have recommended the world-wide broad spectrum, safe and highly effective disinfectant, chlorine dioxide. At present, most disinfectants have been used in most water plants in Europe, the United States, and Canada. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses chlorine dioxide as the preferred disinfectant for the replacement of liquid chlorine, and has specific provisions for the use of chlorine dioxide in drinking water disinfection. Italy not only uses chlorine dioxide to treat drinking water, but also uses it in water and cooling water systems such as steel mills, power plants, pulp mills, and petrochemical plants to control bio-contamination agents. At present, some water plants in China use chlorine dioxide disinfection.

    The reason why chlorine dioxide is widely accepted is mainly due to four reasons: Chlorine dioxide is more effective than liquid chlorine in inactivating viruses and other microorganisms, that is, the bactericidal effect is significantly better than liquid chlorine; chlorine dioxide does not form chloroform, etc. in water. Organic halogenated compounds that are harmful to human health; chlorine dioxide bactericidal properties are virtually immune to pH; chlorine dioxide can be used to control the smell and taste produced by algae, decaying plants, and phenolic compounds.

   According to relevant information, at present, China has a mature technology that uses high-purity chlorine dioxide instead of liquid chlorine for disinfection of drinking water. This includes the production of stable chlorine dioxide and its activation technology, the production of chlorine dioxide generator equipment technology. It also has an accurate analysis of chlorine dioxide, chlorine, chlorite and chlorate in water, which provides technical support for the promotion of chlorine dioxide disinfection of drinking water in China.

Application of chlorine dioxide

    At present, the application of chlorine dioxide in China is relatively common. In food, sanitation, medical, industrial water, sewage treatment and drinking water and other applications. However, due to the late research on chlorine dioxide in China, its practical application is still very limited compared with the vast market.

        There are many types of chlorine dioxide-related products on the domestic market. According to understanding there are two main forms:
One is a variety of stable chlorine dioxide products, the product form is mainly two kinds of liquid and solid powder. Because of its high stability, this type of product can be stored for a long period of time and is convenient to use. Therefore, it is mainly used in some periodic, relatively concentrated, temporary local disinfection sites, such as the equipment of food processing companies, the disinfection of air systems, and hospitals. Disinfection of hotels and restaurants, and local disinfection of homes.

The second is the agent of foreign products or domestic chlorine dioxide generator developed and produced. There are also dozens of kinds of such products in China, and the product performance is uneven. This product is characterized by the use of two or more chemical raw materials, on-site preparation of chlorine dioxide directly by the generator for the disinfection of production, according to the previous description, the performance of the chlorine dioxide purity of the equipment is better than 95 %, safety is also relatively safe, and is widely used in drinking water, sewage and swimming pools and other disinfection sites.

        The above two methods of chlorine dioxide application, the author believes that these two methods have their own irreplaceable characteristics. There are many kinds of stable chlorine dioxide products. There are various types of disinfectants and preservatives. They have a wide range of applications, and they have the advantages of easy operation and can be disinfected at any time according to need. Especially when controlling infectious diseases, It also embodies the merits of fixed, timely, rapid, and effective.

        Chlorine dioxide has attracted widespread attention since it was discovered. With the rapid development of science and technology, chlorine dioxide has entered people's daily lives, providing protection for human health. Moreover, with the development of industrialization, various environmental pollutions have become more and more influential to human health. Traditional methods of sterilizing chlorine preparations have been proven to have adverse effects on the human body. Therefore, the development of new, effective and harmless humans is indispensable. Green disinfectant preparations have become an inevitable direction of development. With the support of our government’s government policies, we believe that in the near future, we will truly appreciate the clean, green and beautiful environment brought by chlorine dioxide.

The most food additives snacks

Food additives are divided into 23 categories according to their functions. Food additives that you often hear about include preservatives, thickeners, antioxidants, sweeteners, flavors and fragrances, and colors.

There are some that you may not be familiar with, such as processing aids, nutritional enhancers and so on. There are about 2,400 food additives approved for use in China. Even vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin B2 are food additives.

Many of our usual foods have food additives, especially packaged foods. There is no sister below to talk about the food additives contained in the food they eat.

Instant noodles
A pack of instant noodles can have up to 25 kinds of food additives, common are sodium glutamate, caramel, citric acid, tert-butyl hydroquinone and so on.
Long-term consumption of products containing citric acid by children may lead to hypocalcemia.

Ham sausage
The additives contained include sodium nitrite, potassium sorbate, and the like.
Sodium nitrite may produce carcinogenic nitrosamines in vivo.

Candied fruit
The additives contained are citric acid, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, and the like.
Sodium benzoate will destroy vitamin B1 and affect children's calcium absorption.

jelly
Potassium sorbate, citric acid and carrageenan are the most commonly used additives.
Excessive intake of potassium sorbate can cause allergic reactions and affect your child's calcium absorption.

Ice cream
Artificial flavors, thickeners, synthetic pigments and other additives are most commonly used.
And some of the artificial colors, foreign regulations can not be used for food.

Cookies
Included additives include sodium metabisulfite, citric acid, sorbitol.
A large amount of sodium metabisulfite damages cells and is biologically toxic.

Milk tea
The additives contained include potassium sorbate, sodium hexametaphosphate and the like.
Excessive amounts of the latter cause disorders of calcium metabolism.

chewing gum
May contain aspartame, sorbitol, citric acid and other additives.
Too much sorbitol can cause diarrhea.

Potato chips
Possible additives include sodium glutamate, disodium guanylate, and the like.
Both of the above are prohibited for use in baby foods.

How to avoid using expired pesticides

Each pesticide has a certain shelf life, and it can be used safely and effectively when used within its shelf life. Once crops have been used for pesticides that exceed their shelf life, they will not only have the effect of fighting diseases and insecticides, but will also make the pests resistant to insecticides, delaying the best period of pest control, and making it difficult or impossible to prevent and control diseases. It is even more important. It is the phytotoxicity of crops that causes irreparable consequences. Therefore, farmers' friends must prohibit the use of expired pesticides. So, how to avoid using expired pesticides?

See the date of production when purchasing pesticides

Purchase pesticides must go to regular agricultural units. When purchasing, first of all to see the pesticide species to be purchased, and then to see the pesticide production date and product specifications, because pesticides have shelf life, such as found beyond the shelf life of pesticides do not buy, close to the shelf life of pesticides We must try our best to buy as much as we can.

The remaining pesticides in your home do not use pesticides that have a shelf life or have no conclusive evidence to prove effective

If there are remaining pesticides in the farmer's home last year, before using it this year, it is first necessary to see if the label is in good condition and if it is still within the shelf life, if it is found that the pesticide has exceeded the shelf life, it is best advised not to use it. When the remaining pesticides are detached from the label and cannot be identified, they must not be used indiscriminately so as not to cause phytotoxicity to the crops and cause greater economic losses.

Residue pesticides are labeled well

The remaining pesticides stored by farmers must have complete bottle stickers, and the names of agricultural drugs, batch numbers, production date, and shelf life should be clear. If the bottle is damaged, the peasant household must write the shelf life and precautions for use of the pesticide and stick it on the outer package of the pesticide.

Preservation of surplus pesticides

Improper storage of the remaining pesticides will reduce the insecticidal effect and even produce phytotoxicity. Therefore, the pesticides purchased by farmers in the current year have not been used up yet, and they are ready to be used again in the next year. The following points should be made in the storage process:

1. Sealed storage: Some pesticides are volatile and cause air pollution. When storing, the caps must be tightened and sealed.

2. Maintaining temperature: Most powder pesticides are susceptible to their quality at high temperatures. The higher the temperature, the more easily the pesticide melts, decomposes, volatilizes, and even burns and explodes. Some emulsion pesticides will also destroy their emulsifying properties and reduce their efficacy after they encounter high temperatures. Some bottles of liquid pesticides freeze when they encounter low temperatures, forming a block, or bursting the bottle, in the preservation of such pesticides should keep the room temperature above 1 °C.

3, dark: Some pesticides are afraid of light, long-term exposure to light exposure, can cause decomposition and deterioration of pesticides, in the storage to avoid high temperature and sun.

4, keep dry: powder pesticides and plant regulators, it is easy to absorb moisture agglomeration. Therefore, the place where custody and storage of pesticides should be kept dry to prevent rain and snow. Also have windows to allow ventilation, keeping the relative humidity below 75%.

5, to avoid mixing: pesticides are divided into alkaline, acidic and neutral. Alkaline pesticides include propanil, lime sulfur, Bordeaux mixture, etc. Acidic pesticides include deltamethrin, etc. Neutral pesticides include chlorfenone. These three kinds of pesticides of different nature should be stored separately during storage and storage, and the distance should be maintained at 0.5 meters or more. Otherwise, the deterioration of pesticides will be lost.

6, rigorous mixing: the use of two pesticides that did not end in the year, can not be mixed in a bottle, so as to avoid failure.

How to fertilize if it meets spring drought?

The weather in the spring is changeable. How do you fertilize it when it comes to spring drought? The following will introduce to you the fertilizer application under spring drought conditions.

How to Apply Fertilizer if Spring Drought

Avoid organic fertilizer

Under severe drought conditions, it is not appropriate to use organic fertilizers because organic matter in organic fertilizers has a strong ability to absorb water and compete with crop roots, which can cause water absorption difficulties in the root system. Under drought conditions, the soil moisture content is low, and the concentration of chemical fertilizers is increased, which can easily lead to burning seedlings and seedlings. It is imperative to isolate seeds and fertilizers. If the fertilizer can be applied to planting 10 to 15 centimeters, it will help deepen the roots. Physiologically active substances and seed dressings can be used to significantly increase the drought resistance of seedlings. When fertilizing, it is not appropriate to loosen the soil layer several times or deeper, otherwise soil water loss will increase and the fertilizer effect will be difficult to exert.

Scientific application of phosphate fertilizer

Phosphorus can improve and regulate plant metabolism and adapt it to various adverse environmental conditions. At low temperatures, enough phosphorus can increase the concentration of soluble sugars in the plant and increase the cold resistance of the crop. In addition, the presence of inorganic phosphorus can increase the buffering properties of the cell fluid, so that the pH of the cell protoplasm maintains a stable state, which is conducive to the normal life activities of the cells.

Rationally supplement potassium fertilizer

Potassium is sufficient to reduce the respiration, maintain the stability and antioxidant capacity of the plasma membrane of the cells, and reduce the destruction of the cell membrane at low temperature, thereby enhancing the cold resistance of plants. In addition, potassium can also promote root growth and increase root-to-crown ratio, thereby enhancing crop water absorption.

Timely foliage nourishing

In the case of severe drought, it is difficult for plants to absorb nutrients. At this time, foliar spraying can be used to supplement nutrients. For example, urea+potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used, and its concentration should be considered according to drought conditions and crop types. If the drought lasts longer, it should be sprayed with 0.1%-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 5-7 days. The effect of spraying humic acid foliar fertilizer is also very significant, because phosphorus can increase the degree of hydration of the cell structure and increase the content of bound water in the colloid, reduce the loss of cell moisture, and increase the viscosity and elasticity of the protoplasm, thereby increasing The resistance of the protoplasm to local dehydration.

The above is the fertilization technology under the conditions of spring drought. After we understand it, we can make timely preparations for fertilization based on actual planting conditions to cope with the occurrence of various conditions.

How bitter gourd fertilizes rationally?

Bitter gourd is a vegetable that many people like. The scope of planting bitter gourd is also very wide. How can fertilizer be applied to the bitter gourd? Here we will introduce to you bitter melon fertilization technology.

How bitter gourd can reasonably apply fertilizer

Land preparation and cultivation The bitter gourd is not strict with land requirements and can be planted in various soils. However, its root system is more developed, more lateral roots, and a wider root group, resistance to fertilizer is not tolerant, hi wet avoid waterlogging. Therefore, it is better to choose a land with deep water, deep soil, porosity, and good drainage. Before planting, the land should be ploughed, sunburned, cooked and smashed to make it deep, loose, fat, broken, and flat to lay the foundation for high yields.

Shedging and introduction of vines When the seedlings grow to 5-6 true leaves, bamboo scaffolding should be inserted in time. When the melon seedlings grow to 50-60 cm, they can be introduced into the shed. The main vine is generally led along the bracket (rope), and the lateral vines are laterally directed toward the left and right sides of the bracket. The lead time is preferably performed on a sunny afternoon. The bitter gourd is very branched, with many side vines, and some side vines are not melons. After introducing the vines onto the shed, the short, weak, dense, old, and diseased branches and leaves where the main vine base is less than 50 cm above the ground and the upper part of the female vine without flowers should be promptly removed so that the group can have good ventilation and light transmission. , To increase photosynthesis and light energy utilization, but also reduce nutrient consumption, help flowering melon.

Bitter gourd fertilizer technology

Fertilizer and Water Management Balsam pear fertilization water should be subject to integrated management of water and fertilizer, and fertilization should master the principle of “light application at seedling stage and re-application at flower and fruit stage”, so as to ensure normal growth and development of vine leaves, and also to meet its constant flowering results on nutrients. Demand. In the management of water and fertilizer integration, flexible application should be based on seedling conditions and weather changes. Dressing: 5 leaves before application of sparse manure or high-concentrate melon formula fertilizer 1-2 times; before flowering melon: Mushi 15-20 kg of superphosphate once, urea 12-18 kg, potassium chloride 8-10 Kg, applied once every 7-10 days, divided into 2-3 times; after flowering and squashing: Mushi urea 20-35 kg, potassium chloride 15-20 kg, once every 7-10 days, 4-6 points For the second application, spray trace elements fertilizer 3-4 times.

Bitter gourd hi moist, avoid water, in the water according to the soil dry and wet conditions. Generally, when the sun is strong on sunny days, the amount of water evaporation is large, and timely irrigation is needed to ensure its physiological water requirement, avoid drought wilting, and affect plant growth and flowering results. In the event of heavy rain, drainage work should be done in time to avoid the accumulation of water in the field and cause rot disease.

The above is the introduction of bitter gourd fertilization technology. Friends of planting bitter gourd can refer to the above fertilization techniques, combined with actual planting conditions, and reasonably fertilize.